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Locomotion, Past Q > 2021 andra cycle lituaer > Flashcards

2021 andra cycle lituaer Flashcards

1
Q

What internal causes can affect a patient’s fall?

a. cataract
b. arrhythmia
c. orthostatic hypotension
d. different systems and diseases
e. balance and gait disorders

A

d. different systems and diseases

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2
Q

Where the dystrophin gene is located?

a. x chromes long arm
b. y chromosome
c. X chromosome short arm
d. 13 chromosome

A

c. X chromosome short arm

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3
Q

Which of this ligaments prevent the hyperextension of thigh?

a. pubofemoral
b. illiofemoral
c. ligament of head of femur
d. ischiofemoral
e. transverse acetabular ligament

A

b. illiofemoral

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4
Q

Objectives of conservative treatment of osteoarthritis (mark the wrong one)

a. teach the patient about OA and its treatment
b. protect or slow down the progression of the disease
c. reduce the pain
d. improve function
e. restore range of movements with modern implants

A

e. restore range of movements with modern implants

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5
Q

Patient falls prevention. Who can ensure patient falls prevention strategy?

a. nurse
b. occupational therapist
c. physiotherapist
d. doctor
e. interdisciplinary team

A

e. interdisciplinary team

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6
Q

About which axis and in which plane the foot is built:

a. about the transverse axis in the frontal plain
b. about the transverse axis in sagittal plain
c. about the sagittal axis in the frontal plain
d. about the sagittal axis in the horizontal plain
e. about the vertical axis in the horizontal plain

A

b. about the transverse axis in sagittal plain

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7
Q

What is the most consistent of osteoarthritis?

select one or more:

a. joint cartilage progressive degenerative disease leading to joint pain
b. joint cartilage progressive degenerative disease that occurs exclusively in the elderly people
c. joint degenerative disease that damages the acetabulum
d. progressive articular cartilage generative disease that is difficult to treat

e, degenerative joint cartilage injury leading to shortening of the leg

A

a. joint cartilage progressive degenerative disease leading to joint pain

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8
Q

Electromechanical connection of skeletal muscles:

a. depends on Ca2+ binding to tropomyosin
b. combines the changes in membrane potential with muscle contraction
c. depends on Ca2+ binding to calmodulin
d. important for single but not tetanic muscle contraction
e. inhibit the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

b. combines the changes in membrane potential with muscle contraction

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9
Q

The decrease in locomotor function is mainly due to:

a. radiological changes
b. atmospheric pressure
c. pain
d. age

A

c. pain

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10
Q

In which joints does osteoarthritis* developed frequently:

select one or more:

a. in the joint of upper extremities
b. all joints are the same regardless of localisation
c. in small joints of arm and leg
d. in the supporting joints (spine, hip, knee)

*Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time.

A

c. in small joints of arm and leg

d. in the supporting joints (spine, hip, knee)

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11
Q

Which of following can be causes of pathologic bone fracture?

select one or more:

a. osteomyselitis
b. seizures
c. osteoporosis
d. malignant process
e. pseudoarthrosis

A

a. osteomyselitis
c. osteoporosis
d. malignant process

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12
Q

Complete transection of nerve according to Seddon’s classification nerve injuries….

a. axonotmesis
b. paresthesia
c. neuralgia
d. neurotmesis
e. neuropraxia

A

d. neurotmesis

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13
Q

The ergonomics is-

a. science about occupational risk evaluation
b. science about environment
c. science of fitting a job and work task to a person
d. science about nanotechnologies

A

c. science of fitting a job and work task to a person

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14
Q

During muscle contraction:

a. thin and thick seams shorten
b. the length of the thin sarcometers does not change, and the ones shorten
c. sarcomeres are short
d. Thin filaments interacts with actin
e. the length of the thick threads does change, the thin does

A

c. sarcomeres are short

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15
Q

What is NOT used to treat tunnel syndrome?

a. high dose of antibiotics
b. surgical release of nerve canal
c. physiotherapy procedure
d. surgical loosening of the transverse wrist ligament

A

a. high dose of antibiotics

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16
Q

When the nerve is damaged the patellar ligament reflex weakness or disappear:

select one or more:

a. n.perneus communis
b. n. tibialis
c. n. peroneus superfacialis
d. n. obturatorius
e. n. femoralis
f. n. ischiadicus

A

e. n. femoralis

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17
Q

Mark the correct statements about fibular collateral ligament:

select one or more:

a. it becomes tight during extension of knee joint
b. its attachment are: medial femoral epicondyle and posterior intercondylar area
c. it relaxes during extension of knee joint
d. its attachments are: medial femoral epicondyle and medial tibial condyle
e. its attachments are: lateral femoral epicondyle and anterior intercondylar area
f. its attachments are: lateral femoral epicondyle and fibular head

A

a. it becomes tight during extension of knee joint

f. its attachments are: lateral femoral epicondyle and fibular head

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18
Q

What injuries are characteristics for the injury induced by acceleration-deceleration trauma mechanism?

select one or more:

a. internal hemorrhage
b. rupture of the parenchymatous organs, aortic arch, bowel mesenteries
c. significant injuries are caused by an inert tearing forces when after an impact the human organs stop or moving suddenly
d. injury at the site which was in contact with a ground
e. very different and severe injuries are possible due to varying trajectory of the injuring agent

A

b. rupture of the parenchymatous organs, aortic arch, bowel mesenteries
a. internal hemorrhage
d. injury at the site which was in contact with a ground

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19
Q

Skeletal muscle:

a. contracts when number of sarcomeres decreases
b. contracts when calcium is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. generates spontaneous activity (without external stimulation)
d. contracts when the actin and myosin filaments shorten
e. contraction strength is releated to initial length 20

A

b. contracts when calcium is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Identify the false statement:

a. osteoblastocytes secret a non mineralised bone matrix called osteoid
b. epiphyseal plates remain a source of bone growth and remodelling throughout life
c. cartilage is not vascularised*
d. both inner and outer bones contains osteoenic cells

A

b. epiphyseal plates remain a source of bone growth and remodelling throughout life

–> In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. Activity in the epiphyseal plate enables bones to grow in length (this is interstitial growth). Appositional growth allows bones to grow in diameter. Remodeling occurs as bone is resorbed and replaced by new bone.

  • Cartilage is avascular and bone is vascular
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21
Q

Which proposition is NOT correct?

a. CTS always diagnosed as occupational disorder
b. congenital predisposition also is one of the CTS causes
c. CTS is associated with repetitive motions

A

a. CTS always diagnosed as occupational disorder

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22
Q

The most effective treatment of osteoarthritis:

a. overweight reduction
b. all of the above
c. exercise to develop muscle strength
d. aerobic exercise

A

b. all of the above

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23
Q

Which one is the most potent stimulator of bone resorption?

a. vitamin D3 (Cholescalciferol)
b. vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
c. 1-hydroxyvitamin D3 (alfacalcidol)
d. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol)
e. 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol)

A

e. 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol)

A current view is that 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) maintains normocalcemia by directly stimulating bone resorption and increasing the rate and extent of osteoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis.

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24
Q

At the neuromuscular junction:

a. action potential is result of nicotinic channels opening
b. the signal is transmitted both ways: from nerve to muscle as well as from muscle to nerve
c. Mg2+ ions are essential for neurotransmitter release
d. end plate potential normally leads to action potential generation
e. neurotransmitter release is under low “all-or-nothing”

A

d. end plate potential normally leads to action potential generation

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25
Q

Dorsal pedis artery is continuation of which artery?

a. anterior tibial artery
b. lateral plantar artery
c. posterior tibial artery
d. fibular artery
e. medial plantar artery

A

a. anterior tibial artery

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26
Q

Which muscles are the most vulnerable in case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy*?

a. large muscles in the lumbar and thigh area
b. small arm muscles
c. abdominal muscles
d. small leg muscles
* A genetic disorder characterised by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the alterations of a protein called dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact.

A

a. large muscles in the lumbar and thigh area

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27
Q

Which of the following groups of drugs belong to the groups of drugs that have a high risk of falls for patients:

a. ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta blockers
b. antidepressant, benzodiazepines, antipsychotic

c, nitrates, calcium channel blockers

A

b. antidepressant, benzodiazepines, antipsychotic

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28
Q

Mark the correct statement about anterior cruciate ligament

select one or more:

a. it attaches on medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle and anterior intercondylar area of the tibia
b. it attaches on medial femoral condyle and posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
c. it attaches on lateral femoral epicondyle and posterior intercondylar area of tibia
d. it prevents the posterior displacement of the tibia
e. it prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur

A

a. it attaches on medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle and anterior intercondylar area of the tibia
e. it prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur

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29
Q

How are physical strength and cartilage strength related to each other?

A

Optimal physical exertion increases cartilage strength the most

30
Q

The axillary lymph nodes are divided to:

a. superficial
b. deep
c. internal
d. under
e. upper

A

a. superficial

b. deep

31
Q

In case of degenerative osteoarthritis of the hip joint, the joint space that usually narrows is:

a. in the upper part of the joint
b. in the lower part of the joint
c. in the medial part of joint

A

c. in the medial part of joint

32
Q

What can you recommend for acute strain treatment?

select one or more:

a. plaster of Paris
b. splinting
c. cold
d. compression
e. warmth

A

d. compression

c. cold

33
Q

What are the main complications of man arterial injury?

select one or more:

a. arteriovenous fistula
b. haemorrhage
c. false (pseudo-) aneurysm formation
d. arterial dissection
e. compartment syndrome
f. thrombosis

A

a. arteriovenous fistula

c. false (pseudo-) aneurysm formation

34
Q

Which statements about glycosaminoglycans are true

select one or more:

a. they are polycations
b. forms the proportion of carbohydrates in proteoglycans
c. constitutes carbohydrates in fibril proteins
d. makes up the majority (up to 90%) of glycoproteins
e. hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycans
f. it has repeating disaccharide units composed of amino acids

A

b. forms the proportion of carbohydrates in proteoglycans
e. hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycans
f. it has repeating disaccharide units composed of amino acids

35
Q

The radiographic changes characteristics of arthritis are:

select one or more:

a. increases joint space
b. uzura
c. decreases joint space on radiograph
d. subchondral osteolysis

A

b. uzura
c. decreases joint space on radiograph
d. subchondral osteolysis

36
Q

Patient falls prevention. patient falls prevention include:

a. patient education
b. physical activity
c. complex of different methods
d. paper footwear
e. fall risk assessment

A

c. complex of different methods

37
Q

EARLY PREVENTION:

a. the first prophylaxis aimed at avoidnig socialling, economic change, negatively affecting the health of lifestyles and promoting the emergence of market-based actions. This prophylaxis is particularly important.
b. a set of measures aimed at stopping the tiger from avoiding its communications. pagrananes measures-early illness and healthy breathing.

A

a. the first prophylaxis aimed at avoidnig socialling, economic change, negatively affecting the health of lifestyles and promoting the emergence of market-based actions. This prophylaxis is particularly important.

38
Q

Patient is not able abduct the upper limb. Which muscles are damage?

select one or more:

a. deltoid
b. infraspinatus
c. supraspinatus
d. sub scapular
e. latissimus dorsi

A

a. deltoid

c. supraspinatus

39
Q

Which of the following symtoms are characteristics of fibromyalgia*?

select one or more:

a. stiffness
b. painful point on palpation
c. swelling of the surrounding tissues
d. reflective pain
e. redness of joints

A

a. stiffness
b. painful point on palpation
c. swelling of the surrounding tissues

*Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory and mood issues.

40
Q

Fibromyalgia is NOT characterised by?

A

Local pain

41
Q

The patient is not able to extend the thigh. Which nerves are damage?

select one or more:

a. sciatic nerve
b. saphenous nerve
c. femoral nerve
d. inferior gluteal nerve
e. obturator nerve

A

a. sciatic nerve

d. inferior gluteal nerve

42
Q

Which structures pass through adductor canal:

select one or more:

a. femoral artery
b. great saphenous vein
c. deep femoral artery
d. saphenous nerve
e. femoral vein
f. femoral nerve

A

a. femoral artery
d. saphenous nerve
e. femoral vein

43
Q

What is not a sign of arthritis?

A

Tender knot

44
Q

A motor unit is made up of

a. all the synergist muscles
b. a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
c. a fascicle and a nerve
d. all the muscle fibers within a given muscle
e. all the neurons going into an individual section of the body

A

b. a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

45
Q

Indicate the objective of bone fracture:

select one or more:

a. limb shortening
b. crepitation
c. bruising
d. mobility in an abnormal location
e. edema
f. haematoma
g. deformation
h. pain

A
  • Crepitation
  • Bruising
  • Edema
  • Haematoma
  • Deformation
46
Q

A thin membrane that covers the bone marrow has osteogenic cells and little connective tissue,its name is?

A

Endosteum

47
Q

Elderly patient noticed that pain is “shooting” through hip joint to the ankle. Differential diagnosis from…?

Select one or more:

a. spine cervical part pathology
b. knee joint tendon rupture
c. femoral neck fracture
d. vertebral column disorder

A

d. vertebral column disorder

48
Q

The patient is not able to extend the thigh. Which muscles are damaged?

select one or more:

a. gluteus maximus
b. iliopsoas (flexion)
c. adductor Magnus (innervated by obturator Magnus. Does adduction, flexion, extension, external & internal rotation)
d. quadriceps femoris (extensor of knee joint)
e. semimembranous (hip extension & knee flexion and internal rotation)

A

a. gluteus maximus

e. semimembranous

49
Q

When two acetylcholine molecules bind to a nicotinic receptor on skeletal muscle, the channel opens and allows transmembrane passage of ions. The resulting ion flux is dominated by which of the following choices under normal physiologic conditions?

a. Ca2+
b. Mg2+
c. Na+
d. Cl-
e. K+

A

c. Na+

50
Q

Mark the correct statements about medial meniscus:

select one or more:

a. it is attached to the lateral collateral ligament
b. it is attached to the joint capsule
c. it is a hyaline cartilage
d. it is more mobile than lateral meniscus
e. it is attached to the medial collateral ligament

A

a. it is attached to the lateral collateral ligament
e. it is attached to the medial collateral ligament

  • -> it is fibrocatilage
  • -> it is less mobile than lateral meniscus
51
Q

The most accoutre way to diagnose meniscus lesions is?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most accurate and less invasive method for diagnosing meniscal lesions. It is more precise than a clinical examination and has influenced clinical practice and the treatment of patients by eliminating unnecessary diagnostic arthroscopies

52
Q

The part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place?

A

Epiphyseal (growth) plate

53
Q

In the skeletal muscle, the:

a. contraction proceeds (is earlier than) the action potential
b. action potential lasts as long as the contraction
c. action potential last longer Than the contraction
d. contraction and action potential begin at the same time (simultaneously)
e. action potential precedes the contraction

A

e. action potential precedes the contraction

54
Q

Fill in the blank:

Calcitriol —- (increase/decrease) gastrointestinal absorption of calcium and —- (increase/decrease) gastrointestinal absorption of phosphate, —- (increase/reduce) renal excretion of calcium and —- (increase/reduce) renal excretion of phosphate.

A

increase
increase
reduce
reduce

55
Q

Which head of the triceps form the posterior wall of the Canalis and radial is and which goes through this canal?

A
  • Caput longum

- Profunda brachii

56
Q

Patient is not able to flex the hand, which nerves are damaged?

A

median and ulnar nerves

57
Q

When lifting loads, the employee needs:

select one or more:

a. try to keep your back always straight
b. if you need to bend, its better to bend over the knees than over the waist
c. lift the load without turning the torso
d. better to fit than bend

A

a. try to keep your back always straight
b. if you need to bend, its better to bend over the knees than over the waist
c. lift the load without turning the torso
d. better to fit than bend

58
Q

Paresthesia is common in:

a. goat
b. pressure on peripheral neuron
c. degenerative arthropathy
d. inflammatory arthropathy

A

b. pressure on peripheral neuron

59
Q

What structures join the bodies of the vertebras?

select one or more:

a. zygapophysial joints
b. intervertebral disci
c. ligamenta flava
d. posterior longitudinal ligament
e. interspinous ligaments
f. anterior longitudinal ligament

A

b. intervertebral disci
d. posterior longitudinal ligament
f. anterior longitudinal ligament

60
Q

Choose the best method to determine free air in the abdominal cavity:

a. laparocentesis
b. laparoscopy
c. plain radiograph
d. ultrasound
e. percussion

A

c. plain radiograph –> X-ray

Wrong answers but explanation of what these methods are used for:

a. laparocentesis (body fluid sampling procedure)
b. laparoscopy (surgical procedure used to examine the organs inside the abdomen)

61
Q

Patient is not able to abduct the upper limb, which nerves are damaged?

select one or more:

a. axillary nerve
b. musclocutaneous nerve (innervates anterior compartment of arm, corachobrialis , biceps brachii & brachilais –> flexion of forearm and of arm, adduction of arm, supination of forearm)
c. suprascapular nerve
d. ulnar nerve –> innervates the flexor muscles of forearm and intrinsic muscles of hand —> flexion
e. radial nerve –> innervates the 3 heads of triceps brachii –> extension

A

a. axillary nerve –> innervates teres minor & deltoid –> teres, lateral rotation & deltoid abduction
c. suprascapular nerve —> innervates supraspinatus & infraspinatus –> abduction of arm

62
Q

Select true statements on vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

select one or more:

a. in has been obtained from certain food
b. only UV radiation is necessary for its production in the skin
c. UV radiation and heat are necessary for its production in the skin
d. it causes biological effects itself
e. hydroxylation both in the liver and in the kidneys are necessary to produce the active metabolite calcitriol
f. only hydroxylation in the liver is necessary to produce the active metabolite calcitriol
g. only hydroxylation in the kidneys is necessary to produce the active metabolite calcitriol

A

a. in has been obtained from certain food
e. hydroxylation both in the liver and in the kidneys are necessary to produce the active metabolite calcitriol
c. UV radiation and heat are necessary for its production in the skin

63
Q

Primary treatment in the pyramid ratio of osteoarthritis patient treated with different therapies?

A

patient training, physical activity, overweight correction

64
Q

What type of protein is NOT expressed in case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

a. neurofibromine
b. Ret protooncogene
c. dystrophine
d. P53 protein
f. huntingtine

A

c. dystrophine

65
Q

Which statement about elastin are true?

select one or more:

a. mature elastin is a crude protein
b. elastin is composed of three polypeptide
c. elastin is a glycoprotein
d. elastin gall tension in direction due to desmozine cross links

A

a. mature elastin is a crude protein

d. elastin gall tension in direction due to desmozine cross links

66
Q

Which joint has higher amplitude of movement?

A

shoulder joint

67
Q

Which statements about parathyroid hormone* (PTH) are correct?

select one or more:

a. PTH secretion is stimulated by low blood calcium levels
b. due to effect of PTH, the concentration of calcium ions in the blood decreases
c. PTH is a steroid hormone
d. PTH acts through the adenylate cyclase system

A

a. PTH secretion is stimulated by low blood calcium levels
d. PTH acts through the adenylate cyclase system
* Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine.

68
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction is immediately terminated by which action?

a. removal of sarcoplasmic Ca++
b. removal of acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction
c. return of the dihydropyridine receptor to its resting conformation
d. removal of Ca2+ from the terminal of the motor neuron
e. closure of postsynaptic nicotinic acetyl-choline receptor

A

a. removal of sarcoplasmic Ca++

69
Q

In which health care institution patient falls prevention is important:

a. nursing home
b. rehabilitation institutions
c. in all health care institutions
d. hospitals

A

c. in all health care institutions

70
Q

Which symptoms are characteristics of CTS?

a. numbness and pain in the palm of the hand and the fingers especially at night
b. redness of hand skin
c. finger nail bed injury
d. numbness and pain in the wrist

A

a. numbness and pain in the palm of the hand and the fingers especially at night

71
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Parathyroid hormone has been produced by —-. At low (therapeutic) levels, it causes —-. At high levels occurring in patients with hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid hormone cause —-.

In kidneys, it — excretion of calcium, —- excretion of phosphate and —- activity of alpha hydroxyls responsible for the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D.

A
  • parathyroid gland
  • bone formation
  • bone resporption
  • reduces
  • increases
  • increases
72
Q

Mark the correct statement about posterior cruciate ligament:

a. it attaches on lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle and posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
b. it prevents anterior displacement of tibia relative to the femur (PCL injury –> posterior displacement)
c. it attaches on the lateral femoral condyle and posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
d. it attaches on medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle and patella
e. it attaches on medial femoral condyle and anterior intercondylar area of the tibia

A

a. it attaches on lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle and posterior intercondylar area of the tibia

Locomotion, Past Q (10 decks)

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