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Radiography > 2016 SPRING FINAL > Flashcards

2016 SPRING FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

MAS is _____ proportional to pt. dose

A

Directly

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2
Q

KVP is main controlling factor of __1__ but it also affects density mainly because it controls __2__.

A
  1. Contrast

2. Scatter

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3
Q

Inverse Square Law:
If you double the distance, you cover __1__ the area with __2__ the intensity. If you cut distance in half, you cover __3__ the area with __4__ the intensity.

A
  1. 1/4
  2. 1/4
  3. 4x
  4. 4x
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4
Q

30% rule deals with

A

MAS

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5
Q

15% rule deals with

A

KVP

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6
Q

30% rule states in order to make visible change in __1__ one must increase or decrease __2__ by 30%

A
  1. Density

2. MAS

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7
Q 
15% Rule:
BELOW 90 kV
1. +10 kV=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. -10 kV=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ABOVE 90 kV
3. +15 kV=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4. -15 kV=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Cut mAs in 1/2
  2. Double mAs
  3. Cut mAs in 1/2
  4. Double mAs
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8
Q

Increase OID=______ density

A

DECREASED (due to air gap and scatter bypassing IR)

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9
Q 
Increased screen speed=
1. MAS
2. Pt. Dose
3. Detail
Decreased screen speed:
4. MAS
5. Pt. Dose
6. Detail
A
  1. Decrease
  2. Decrease
  3. Decrease
  4. Increase
  5. Increase
  6. Increase
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10
Q

Increased collimation=_____ density

A

Decrease

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11
Q

Decreased collimation=______ density

A

Increased

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12
Q

As part density increases, IR density __1__. As part density decreases, IR density (RE) __2__.

A
  1. Decreases

2. Increases

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13
Q

Degree of differences in density

A

Contrast

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14
Q

High kV:

  1. _____ scale
  2. _____ contrast
  3. _____ colors
  4. _____ latitude
  5. _____ pt. dose
  6. _____ scatter
  7. ______ penetration
A
  1. Long
  2. Low
  3. Many
  4. Wide
  5. Decreased
  6. Increased
  7. More
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15
Q

Low kV:

  1. ___scale
  2. ___ contrast
  3. ___ colors
  4. ___ latitude
  5. ___ pt. dose
  6. ___scatter
  7. ___ penetration
A
  1. Short
  2. High
  3. Few
  4. Narrow
  5. Increased
  6. Decreased
  7. Less
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16
Q

Increased grid ratio= __1__ contrast ( __2__scatter)

A
  1. Increased

2. Less

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17
Q

Decreased grid ratio=__1__ contrast ( __2__ scatter)

A
  1. Decreased

2. More

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18
Q

Increased collimation=__1__ contrast.

Decreased collimaton=__2__ contrast

A
  1. Increased

2. Decreased

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19
Q

Additive pathology requires what in technique?

A

Increase

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20
Q

Destructive pathology requires what in technique?

A

Decrease

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21
Q

3 geometric factors that control recorded detail:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Focal Spot (Small)
  2. OID (short)
  3. SID (long)
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22
Q

As FS increases, unsharpness (penumbra) __1__ and recorded detail (umbra) __2__.

A
  1. Increases

2. Decreases

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23
Q

As FS decreases, unsharpness (penumbra) __1__ and recorded detail (umbra) __2__.

A
  1. Decreases

2. Increases

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24
Q

As SID increases, unsharpness (penumbra) __1__ and recorded detail (umbra) __2__.

A
  1. Decreases

2. Increases

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25
Q

As SID decreases, unsharpness (penumbra) __1__, recorded detail (umbra) __2__.

A
  1. Increases

2. Decreases

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26
Q

As OID increases, unsharpness (penumbra) __1__, and recorded detail (umbra) __2__.

A
  1. Increases

2. Decreases

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27
Q

As OID decreases, unsharpness (penumbra) __1__ and recorded detail (umbra) __2__.

A
  1. Decreases

2. Increases

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28
Q

As IR/screen increases, detail __1__. A IR/screen decreases, detail __2__.

A
  1. Decreases

2. Increases

29
Q

Greatest enemy of detail:________

30
Q

Ways to overcome motion:
A.
B.
C.

A

A. Short exposure time
B. Clear instructions
C. Immobilization

31
Q

Size distortion (__1__)=use short __2__ and long __3__ to overcome.

A
  1. Magnification
  2. OID
  3. SID
32
Q

Shape Distortion (__1__)=caused by __2__ of the tube, part, and IR. Two types: __3__ and __4__.

A
  1. True distortion
  2. Mal-alignment
  3. Elongation
  4. Foreshortening
33
Q

Increased collimation:

  1. ____ scatter
  2. ____ density
  3. ____ pt. dose
  4. ____ contrast
A
  1. Decreased
  2. Decreased
  3. Decreased
  4. Increased
34
Q

Decreased collimation:

  1. ____ scatter
  2. ____ density
  3. ____ pt. dose
  4. ____ contrast
A
  1. Increased
  2. Increased
  3. Increased
  4. Decreased
35
Q

Piece of lead that is not a type of variable collimator.

A

Aperture diaphragm

36
Q

Cones and cylinders form a _____ pattern on the IR.

37
Q

A variable collimator

38
Q

Automatic Collimator a.k.a __1__. Can only be used in the __2__.

A
  1. PBL

2. Bucky

39
Q

Example of organic grid interspacers

A

Cardboard and balsa wood

40
Q

Example of inorganic interspacer

41
Q

Do focusing grids have a required focusing distance?

42
Q

If you use the SID outside of distance, you will get _____ cutoff.

A

Peripheral

43
Q

If you use the grid upside down you will get __1__ which results in __2__ density on the edges on the image.

A
  1. Complete peripheral grid cut off

2. Decreased

44
Q

Do parallel/non-focused grid have a required focusing distance?

45
Q

Can you angle with a Crossed/Cross-Hatch grid?

46
Q

With a regular grid, never angle __1__ grid lines, only __2__ or __3__.

A
  1. Across
  2. Caudal
  3. Cephalic
47
Q

Portable and tabletop grids are __1__ whereas Bucky grids are __2__.

A
  1. Stationary

2. Moving

48
Q

The higher the grid ration, the more __1__ it is to use. If a part measures __2__ or more, use a grid.

A
  1. Restrictive

2. 10 cm

49
Q

Grid ratio=

Formula

A

Height of Pb strips/Distance between Pb strips

50
Q

Air-Gap technique uses increased __1__ to allow scatter to by pass the IR and act as a __2__.

6” air gap=__3__ grid

A
  1. OID
  2. Grid
  3. 6:1
51
Q

CR uses __1__. It as a phosphor layer made of Barium __2__ Crystals doped with __3__, called a __4__ phosphor where the latent image is formed.

A
  1. IP
  2. Flourohalide
  3. Europium
  4. Photostimulable
52
Q

Exposed IP then put in image reader where a __1__ laser scans over PSP to release stored energy as __2__. A __3__ tube (PMT) collects light and converts in it into an __4__ and sends it to an __5__ for viewing.

A
  1. Neon-helium
  2. Visible light
  3. Photomultiplier
  4. Electronic signal
  5. ADC
53
Q

Then an intense __1__ is passed over PSP to remove and remaining __2__.

A
  1. White light

2. Energy

54
Q

Direct Digital Radiography (DR) uses __1__ that have a Thin-Film Transistor (TFT) layer divided into __2__.

A
  1. Flat Panel Detectors

2. Detector Elements (DELs)

55
Q

Indirect DR involves a 2 step process of converting X-ray first into __1__ then into __2__ during image acquisition. Typically made of __3__ or __4__.

A
  1. Visible light
  2. Electric charges
  3. Cesium Iodide
  4. Amorphous Silion (a-Si)
56
Q

Direct DR uses ______ to convert exit radiation directly into electrical charges.

A

Amorphous Selenium (a-Se)

57
Q

CR and DR have a much wider _______ than analog (film-screen) imaging.

A

Dynamic range

58
Q

Increasing the _______ increases visibility of anatomical details.

A

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

59
Q
  1. Film has emulsion on both sides
  2. Used in this type of cassette
  3. This case uses single emulsion film
A
  1. Duplitized
  2. Regular
  3. Extremity
60
Q

This is matching screen color to film sensitivity.

A

Spectral matching

61
Q

Intensifying screen converts X-Ray into __1__.

__2__ gives off blue light an __3__ gives of green light.

A
  1. Light
  2. Calcium Tungstate
  3. Rare Earth
62
Q

Emission of light from screen when stimulated by radiation

A

Luminescence

63
Q

Is giving off light only while being exposed

A

Fluorescence

64
Q

Is screen lag/glowing too long

A

Phosphorescence

65
Q 
Factors that affect screen speed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
  1. Phosphor size
  2. Thickness of active layer
  3. Type of phosphor
  4. Reflective layer
  5. Light absorbing layer
  6. KVP
66
Q

__1__ or __2__ graininess of image due to sat screen system. To control, increase mAs and __3__ kVp.

A
  1. Quantum Mottle
  2. Noise
  3. Decrease
67
Q

CR imaging plates uses __1__ Fluorohalide doped with __2__ as the photostimulable __3__.

A
  1. Barium
  2. Europium
  3. Phosphor
68
Q

DR=indirect conversion system uses __1__ iodide which relates light that interacts with __2__ to create electric charge. Direct conversion system uses __3__ to produce electric charge.

A
  1. Cesium
  2. Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
  3. Amorphous selenium (a-Se)
69
Q

Amount of darkness after processing.

Radiography (9 decks)

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