1. A rotating motor consists of ______ & ______ 2. And these make up a ____ motor. Speeds can change.

1. rotor and stator 2. induction

2015 FALL FINAL!!!!!<3 Flashcards by Cassie Underwood

Negatively charged electrode. Coiled wire that is a source of electrons

Cathode/Filament

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Surrounds the cathode/filament to focus stream of electrons onto the focal track of the anode

Focusing Cup

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2 filaments and 1 anode

dual focusing cup

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positively charged electrode. Stationary or rotating.

Anode

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A rotating anode can rotate at

3,000-10,000 RPM

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This can withstand a great amount of heat and is a big makeup of the anode

Tungsten

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A rotating motor consists of ______ & ______

2. And these make up a ____ motor. Speeds can change.

rotor and stator

2. induction

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Moving energy

Kinetic energy

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When electrons strike the anode, Kinetic Energy is converted to __1__ heat and __2__ energy

2. 1%

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X-ray tube is made of _______ because it can withstand a great amount of heat.

pyrex glass

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The xray tube is ______ to provide unobstructed path for electrons

vacuumed

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The xray tube is insulated with

lead and oil

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Leakage radiation cannot exceed

100mR/hr @ a distance of 1 meter

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German word for braking

Brehmsstrahlung

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Forms 85-90% of the beam. Occurs when the electrons rapidly decelerate and loop around nucleus on surface of anode.

Brehmsstrahlung

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10-15% of the beam. Occurs when electrons on face of anode drop to fill hole in inner shells

Characteristic

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used in fluro, positive pressure switch.

“Deadman Switch”

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Tube current displays only during ______

exposure

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Quantity, number, amount

controlled mAs

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Quality, energy, penetrating ability

controlled by kV

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least ripple 3-5% and is most efficient

High frequency transformer

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No practical amount of __1__ can ever compensate for inadequate __2__

2. kVp

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Recorded detail (spatial resolution) is controlled by 3 geometric factors

focal spot size
OID
SID

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projected or effective focal spot is smaller than the AFS

Blooming

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over 100 mAs, use _____

large FS

The steeper the anode, the _____ the FS

smaller

Intensity of beam is greater on the cathode side of the tube

Anode heel effect | "FAT CAT"

Ways to enhance AHE (3 ways)

1. steep anode 2. large IR 3. short SID

Main purpose of the filtration

to decrease patients skin dose

If a tube operates at __1__, you must have __2__ filtration

1. 70 kVp | 2. 2.5 mm Al

amount of metal that cuts intensity to half its initial output.

Half Value Layer (HVL) *Thicker HVL=stronger beam

thick part of filter at thin part of anatomy

wedge filter

Cut SID in half

4x greater radiation intensity

Double SID

1/4 radiation intensity

attenuation = _______ + _______

absorption + scatter

total absorption of incoming photon

photoelectric effect

xray gives up all of it's energy-knocks out an inner shell electron

Photoelectron

released as electrons drop down to fill holes in shells.

Characteristic radiation

White or Clear on radiograph

photoelectric effect/characteristic radiation

less than 30 kV (not in diagnostic)-TOO LOW

Classical/Coherent/Unmodified/White Scatter

Modified scatter. Wray gives up some but not all of it's energy to knock out an outer shell electron.

Compton

Compton makes it's presence known through

SCATTER

Scatter is _____ on the radiograph

GRAY

Are Pair Production and Photodisintegration in diagnostic?

No, too high

when xrays pass through without interacting with the atoms in the body. Shows up black

Remnant/Transmission/Exit Radiation

picture element that makes up the Matrix

pixel

larger matrix & greater number of pixels=

improved spatial resolution

Increasing pixel density and decreasing pixel pitch ________ spatial resolution

INCREASES

A. OD of 1= B. OD of 2= C. OD of 3=

A. 1/10 B. 1/100 C. 1/1000 COUNT THE ZEROS

Density (Screen Film)=

Brightness (Digital)

Recorded detail (Screen Film)=

Spatial Resolution (Digital)

Contrast (Screen Film)=

Grayscale/dynamic range (Digital)

utilizes a plate that is put in a reader to retrieve image

utilizes a digital plate or digital bucky that sends image directly to computer

Main advantage of CR/DR

Post processing (window and leveling)

1. overall darkness on radiograph | 2. controlled by

1. Density | 2. mAs

To double density you must...

Double mAs

To cut density in half you must...

cut mAs in half

kVp controls _________

SCATTER

Scatter is _______

DENSITY

Above 90 kVp: | if you add 15 kV, you must ______

mAs in half

Above 90 kVp: | if you take away 15 kV, you must ____

Double mAs

Below 90 kVp: | if you add 10 kVp, you must

cut mAs in half

Below 90 kVp: | If you subtract 10 kVp, you must _______

double mAs

As collimation decreases then density __1__. As collimation increases then density __2__.

1. Increases (b/c larger field size) | 2. Decreases (smaller field size)

part density and IR density are _____ proportional

inversely

Automatic Processor

developer, fixer, washer, dryer 90 seconds to process film

Main controlling factor of contrast

``` High kV= __1__ scale __2__ contrast __3__ latitude __4__ scatter __5__ penetration __6__ colors ```

1. long 2. low 3. wide 4. increased 5. increased 6. many

Low kV= 1. scale 2. contrast 3. colors 4. latitude 5. scatter 6. penetration

1. short 2. high 3. few 4. narrow 5. decreased 6. decreased

increased grid ratio = ______ contrast

increased

increase collimation= ________ contrast

increased

First step in protection

OPTIMUM COLLIMATION

``` T B M F G ```

Hardest to penetrate to easiest | teeth, bone, muscle, fat, gas

Contrast medias: A. Adds density B. Takes away density

A. Positive (ex: barium and iodine) | B. Negative (air and CO2)

Additive pathology (ex: edema, atelectasis)=_____ kVp

increase

destructive pathology (ex: emphysema, osteoporosis)=_______ kVp

decrease

Three ways to overcome motion

1. clear instructions 2. Immobilization devices 3. short exposure time

Magnification is AKA

size distortion

Increase SID and Decrease OID to prevent

size distortion (AKA magnification)

Shape distortion is AKA

true distortion

This is caused by mal-alignment of tube, part, and/or IR. Usually elongated or foreshortening. Can be done accidently or on purpose

Shape distortion | AKA true distortion

if "S" number is too high then the IR is __1__ and image has excessive __2__. if "S" number is too low then the IR is __3__ and patient maybe ultimately __4__ due to __5__.

1. underexposed 2. Quantum Mottle/Noise 3. Overexposed 4. overdosed 5. dose creep

Invisible image

Latent

Visible image

Manifest

Film Screen>>Digital Term 1. Density/Receptor Exposure 2. Contrast 3. Recorded Detail

1. Brightness 2. Grayscale/dynamic range 3. spatial resolution

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2015 FALL FINAL!!!!!<3 Flashcards

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