20. Bovine herpesmamillitis, inclusion body rhinitis of swine.

Question 1

Bovine Herpesmamillitis info?

Answer 1

Bovine herpesmamillitis

• Pustules and erosions on skin of teats and udder in cattle
• History, occurence:
• Africa - pseudolumpy skin disease (Allerton virus)
• England (udder pustules)
• mainly in Africa, Australia and USA, rare in Europe
• Virus:
• Bovine herpesvirus 2: BHV-2 (Alphaherpesvirinae)
• Cattle, buffalo can show signs, other ruminants - seropositivity

Question 2

Bovine Herpesmammillitis Epizootiology and pathogenesis?

Answer 2

Epizootiology, pathogenesis:

• Introduction with infected animal
• spread via milking (hand/machine),
• arthropod vectors (mechanic)
• infection through skin damages
• In endemic herds mainly heifer show signs
• Epithelial damage, inflammation - pustules, scabs, erosions
• Can cause generalized infection: nodules appear throughout body

Question 3

Bovine Herpesmamillitis?

Answer 3

Clinical signs:

after 3-7 days of incubation

• Subclinical infections are NOT rare
• Heifers after parturition:
• teat edema, suffusion, pustules, laceration, scabs, erosions
• recovery within 1-2 weeks
• Bacterial colonization: mastitis may occur
• May spread perineal and vulval region
• Pustules on lips and oral mucosa of milking calves
• Reduced milk production, bloody milk, scars on teats
• Africa: generalized - similar to lumpy skin disease

Question 4

Diagnosis, differential diagnosis treatment and prevention of Bovine Herpesmammillitis?

Answer 4

Diagnosis:

• Histopathology: intranuclear inclusions, syncytia
• Virus isolation, PCR,serology
• Differentiation:

1. pustular diseases (FMD, vesicular stomatitis),
2. cowpox, pseudo-cowpox,
3. papillomatosis ʹ proliferative ʹ
4. cannot be diffd by clinical signs to pox (similar symptoms) so need more

Treatment and prevention:

• local, symptomatic (disinfection),
• no vaccine,
• artificial infections

Question 5

Inclusion Body rhinitis of swine info?

Answer 5

Inclusion body rhinitis of swine

• Has no economic importance, so basically useless to learn?
• The virus: Suid herpesvirus 2 (SuHV-2) ʹ unassigned cytomegalovirus(Betaherpesvirinae)
• Species-specific, complicated in vitro propogation
• No significant economic loss,
• no clinical signs havent caused high mortality since 50 years

Question 6

Epizootiology, Pathogenesis of inclusion body rhinitis?

Answer 6

Epizootiology, pathogenesis

• Contact, Airbone infection,
• spreading via droplets,
• virus present in each stocks (saliva, nasal discharge)
• Viraemia
• lymphocytes, alveolar macrophages
• latency (glandula lacrimalis, nasal mucosa, kidney)

Question 7

Clinical signs of Inclusion Body rhinitis?

Answer 7

Clinical signs:

• very rare, will not cause issues
• Thought to be predisposed for atrophic rhinitis, but have no association
• Very mild nasal discharge, young animals
• In piglets under 3 weeks of age ʹ fever, appetite loss, sneezing, serous or bloody nasal discharge
• (even 25% mortality)
• Pregnanct sow ʹ infection of the foetus ʹ foetal wastage or weak, fading piglets

Question 8

Pathology, Histopathology of inclusion body rhinitis?

Answer 8

Pathology, histopathology:

• haemorrhages,
• oedema (under the skin, pharynx, lungs),
• accumulating serum (pericardium,pleura)

Question 9

Diagnosis and prevention of inclusion body rhinitis?

Answer 9

Diagnosis:

• Histopathology: nasal mucosa cytomegaly, nuclear inclusions
• In tissues IF, PCR (as always!!!), isolation (or porcine alveolar macrophages)
• Serology: IF , ELISA ʹ don’t use serological tests on market
• Differential diagnosis:

1. SMEDI,
2. PCV-Aujeszkys disease atropic rhinitis

Prevention

• In good keeping conditions usually not a significant problem
• Colostrum of convalescent sows protects the piglets at the most sensitive age (until 3-4weeks)