Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physical Education > 2. The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

2. The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A
  • epicardium: protective outer
    -Myocardium: muscular middle→ can undergo hypertrophy
    -endocardium: thin inner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A
  • Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle ( arteries, veins, capillaries)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Maximal exercise definition

A

Physical activity performed at highest intensity level of an individual achieve, pushes body to limit
→ short duration, at/near 100% effort.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of maximal exercise

A

Sprinting, HIIT, 1 rep max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benefits of maximal exercises

A

Enhances max. Strength, speed & power, improve anaerobic capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Submaximal exercise definition

A

Physical activity performed at intensity level below max. Capacity of individual
→ longer duration, 70 - 85% max. HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of submaximal exercise

A

Brisk walking, moderate jogging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Benefits of submaximal exercise

A

Improves cardiovascular health, endurance & overall fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CV system function

A

Deliver oxygen & nutrients and remove waste products from body’s cues and regulate temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs & oxygenated from lungs to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues & deoxygenated from tissue to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

Cells in the heart that send signals to cause the heart to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Conduction system order

A
  1. SA node (sinoatrial)
  2. AV node (atrioventricular)
  3. Bundle of his
  4. Purkinje fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SA node’s role

A

Heart’s natural pacemaker, sends electrical signal that tells heart to beat, starts right in atrium to fill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

AV node’s role

A

After signal from SA node causes atria to contract, AV node slows signal down before sending it to the ventricles. This delay allows the atria to empty fully before the ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bundle of His role

A

Electrical signal traces from AV node to bundle of His which splits into 2 branches, one for each ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Purkinje fibres role

A

Spread electrical signal throughout ventricles causing them to contract & pump blood out of heart to rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name for SA node

A

Heart’s natural pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Heart rate definition.

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Average heart rates

A

Trained:
-rest: 70 bpm
- submax: 100 -130 bpm
- max: 220- age

Untrained:
- rest: 50 -60 bpm
- submax: 95-120 bpm
- max: 220 -age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bradycardia definition.

A

Decrease in resting HR to below 60 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stroke volume definition

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat (L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SV formula

A

End diastolic value (EDV) - end systolic value (ESV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stroke volume values

A

Trained:
- rest → 100 ml
- submax → 160 - 200 ml
- max → 160 -200 ml

Untrained:
-Rest →70ml
- submax → 110ml
-Max→ 110ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Diastole definition

A

Relaxation phase, ventricles fill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Systole definition

A

Contraction phase, ventricles empty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What factors determine stroke volume?

A
  • venous return→ blood returned to heart via veins
  • if VR increases, so does SV
  • elasticity of cardiac fibres sees a degree of stretch during diastole phase; greater stretch → greater contraction→ greater SV (Frank starling’s law)
  • contractility of cardiac tissues; greater contraction → greater force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Venous return definition

A

Amount of deoxygenated blood returning back to the heart (right atrium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of venous return?

A

Pocket valves, gravity, smooth muscle, respiratory pump, skeletal muscle pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pocket valves function (VR)

A

Prevent backflow of blood, flows in one direction, prevent blood pooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Skeletal muscle pump function (VR)

A

Veins situated between skeletal muscles which help squeeze blood back to the heart when they contract & relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Respiratory pump function (VR)

A

During exercise, breathing deeper increases pressure in the thorax & abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Smooth muscle function (VR)

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle helps squeeze blood back towards heart → vasodilation & vasoconstriction of blood vessels

35
Q

Gravity function (VR)

A

Blood from upper body aided in its return to heart as graving allows it to easily flow down

36
Q

Cardiac output (Q) definition

A

Volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute (L/min)

37
Q

Cardiac output values

A

Trained:
-Rest→ 5L/min
-Submax→ 15 - 20 l/min
-Max → 30 -40 L/min

Untrained:
-Rest→ 5 L /min
- submax → 10-15 l/min
- max → 20 -30 l/min

38
Q

Changes to HR during exercise

A

HR increase, how much depends on intensity of exercise, direct proportion, greater intensity = greater HR

39
Q

Anticipatory rise

A

Hormonal action of adrenaline secretion stimulates SA node for heart to beat faster

40
Q

Sharp rise at start of exercise

A

Due to mainly anaerobic exercise (heart beats rapidly to meet increased demand for oxygen by supplying more oxygenated blood to working muscles

41
Q

Heart rate continues to rise

A

Due to maximal workload stressing anaerobic system athlete reaches 90 - 100% max effort)

42
Q

Steady state exercise

A

Able to meet oxygen demands required for activity (reaching a plateau as intensity is sustained)

43
Q

Rapid decline as exercise stops

A

Decreased demand for oxygen in working muscles

44
Q

Slow recovery

A

Body systems return to resting levels (but Mr remains elevated to remove waste products

45
Q

Changes in stroke volume

A
  • SV↑ as exercise increases
  • only increases up to 40-60% of max. Intensity
  • SV starts to level / drop
  • due to shorter diastolic phase
  • less time to fill with blood
  • volume pumped out decreases
46
Q

Changes in cardiac output

A
  • ↑ during exercise
  • through training heart gets bigger & stronger (hypertrophy)
  • bigger heart → more blood can be pumped out by left ventricle per beat (SV)
  • however resting HR will ↓
    -at rest: ↑ SV x ↓ HR = Q stays same
  • during exercise: HR & SV ↑
  • during exercise: ↑SV &↑ HR = YQ
47
Q

Cardiac control centre

A

Central nervous system & peripheral nervous system

48
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain & spinal cord

49
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial & spinal nerves
- sensory division & motor division

50
Q

Sensory division

A

Somatic & visceral sensory nerve fibres → conduct impulses from receptors to CNS

51
Q

Motor division

A

Motor nerve fibres→ conducts impulses from CNS to effectors

  • autonomic & somatic nervous systems
52
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

-Involuntary
→ conduct impulses from CNS to cardiac & smooth muscles and glands

  • sympathetic & parasympathetic division
53
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Mobilises body systems during activity (fight or flight)

  • releases norm ones to ↑ HR
54
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Conserves energy, promotes ‘housekeeping’ functions during rest

-Release hormones to ↓ HR

55
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

56
Q

Cardiac control centre role

A
  • Found in medulla oblongata → part of ANS
  • sympathetic nervous system (SNS) ↑ HR via accelerator nerve
  • parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) ↓ HR via vagus nerve
  • accelerator & vagus nerve send messages to SA node to ↑ or ↓ HR
57
Q

What happen to SNS during exercise?

A

SNS becomes more dominant & takes control of HR
- neural control, nominal control, intrinsic control

58
Q

What happens to PNS at rest?

A

PNS in control of HR
- vagus nerve releases acetylcholine

59
Q

Internal & external ways of controlling HR

A

Internal → intrinsic
External → neural, hormonal

60
Q

Neural control

A

-Receptors pick up changes in body as a result of increased physical activity
- send messages to CCC in medulla oblongata
- ANS sends messages to SA node to speed up / slow down HR.

61
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Pick up movement in joints & muscles
- muscle length = muscle spindles; muscle tension= Golgi tendon organs
In creased intensity generally means increased movement

62
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

-Inside muscle tissue, a orca, carotid artery
Pick up chemical changes such as lower blood pH due to increased CO2 & lactic acid, increased O2

63
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • Aorta, carotid artery
    Changes in blood pressure due to exercise intensity
64
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

-In skin, skeletal muscle, liver
Changes in body temp, ↑ intensity = ↑ temp

65
Q

Hormonal control

A
  • Before & during exercise, adrenaline & noradrenaline released into bloodstream from adrenal medulla in kidneys
  • act directly on SA node stimulating ↑ HR & Sv
    -Explains anticipatory rise
  • both adrenaline & noradrenaline aid redistribution of blood via vasodilation & vasoconstriction
    -When intensity ↓, hormone acetylcholine begins to ↓hr
66
Q

Intrinsic control

A

The heart rate internally controlling itself
- temperate: as temp. Of cardiac muscle ↑ it speeds up nerve impulses causing ↑ HR
- starling’s law: as venous return ↑ so does SV

67
Q

Components of blood

A

45% cells
55% plasma

68
Q

What is plasma made of ?

A

approx 90% water
- plasma proteins
-Electrolytes
-Nutrients
-Waste products
-Hormones
-Gases

69
Q

What are the cells in the blood?

A
  • Red blood cells → O2 & CO2 transport
  • white blood cells → immune system, attack pathogens
  • platelets → clotting
70
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transports O2 & CO2
    -Transports nutrients
    -Remove waste products
    -Thermoregulation
    -Protect against infection
  • clotting & injury repair
    -Regulation of fluid balance
71
Q

Arteries - structure & function

A

-Thick wall
-10-25 mm diameter
- no valves
-High pressure
- oxygenated blood, except pulmonary
- flow away from heart
-Transports oxygenated blood to tissues

72
Q

Arteriole - structure & function

A
  • Thinner wall
    -30 -100 μm diameter
  • no valves
    -Lower pressure than arteries
  • oxygenated blood
  • flows away from heart towards capillaries
  • regulate blood flow, control pressure (constrict & dilate), direct blood to active tissue
73
Q

Capillary - structure & function

A
  • Very thin (for diffusion)
  • 5-10 μm diameter
  • no valves
    -Low pressure
  • oxygenated in systemic, deoxygenated in pulmonary
  • flow: arteriole → capillary → venule
  • exchange of gases, waste products &nutrients; temp regulation; aid fluid balance
74
Q

Venule - structure & function

A

-Thin
-20-250 μm
- some small ones have valves
- very low pressure
- deoxygenated blood
-Flows towards heart
- collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries, drain capillary bed, fluid exchange, regulate venous pressure

75
Q

Veins - structure & function

A
  • Thin
    -1 mm -3 cm diameter
  • no valves
  • very low pressure
  • deoxygenated blood except pulmonary
  • flow towards heart
  • transport deoxygenated blood to heart, storage reservoir for blood, regulate blood volume & pressure
76
Q

Redistribution of blood during exercise is also known as….

A

Vascular shunting

77
Q

Proportion of blood flow at rest / exercise

A

Rest: 80% to brain, kidneys, skin etc to carry out normal bodily functions
Exercise: 80% to working muscles away from non-essential organs

78
Q

Vascular shunting definition

A

Action of smooth muscle around arterioles (vasoconstriction & vasodilation) & action uf precapillary sphincters will direct blood to where it is needed & restrict it where it isn’t needed.

79
Q

Vasodilation definition

A

Widening of blood vessels due to relaxation of muscular walls
→ increases blood flow, decreases pressure

80
Q

Vasoconstriction definition

A

Narrowing of blood vessels due to tightening of muscular walls
→ decreases blood flow, increases pressure

81
Q

Pre capillary sphincters definition

A

Small ring of muscle located at entrance of capillaries
Controls blood flow into capillaries by opening & closing

82
Q

Importance of blood redistribution

A

-Increased supply of oxygen to working muscles
-More blood to skin to regulate body temp to dissipate heat
-Remove waste products from muscles
- direct more blood to heart as it needs more oxygen

83
Q

Vasomotor control centre (VCC) allowing redistribution of blood (neural control)

A
  • Chemoreceptors: chemical changes in blood→ increased carbonic acid & lactic acid
  • baroreceptors: changes in systolic blood pressure in aorta & carotid artery
  • receptors send into to VCC in medulla oblongata
    -Arterioles have middle layer of muscle connected to VCC stimulated by sympathetic nerve
    -Increased ins action causes vasoconstriction towards NEOs which increases blood pressure & redirects to muscle
  • decides if pre capillary sphincters should open/close

Physical Education (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions