10. Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Skeletal system functions
-Provides attachments for movement
-offers protection for vital organs
-Bones formed via ossification of cartilage
Axial skeleton
For protection, shape, red blood cell production
E.g cranium, thoracic cage, vertebral column,pelvis
Sport - heading ball in football
Appendicular skeleton
Movement, Muscle attachment, support weight of body
Eg radius, ulna, femur, tibia
Sport - bowling in cricket
What is cartilage?
Strong , flexible, connective tissue that protects bones & joints
-Acts as a shock absorber
-reduces friction between bones
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- elastic
- fibro
Bones articulating shoulder joint
Scapula
Humerus
Bones articulating hip joint
Femur
Pelvis
Bones articulating knee joint
Tibia
Femur
Bones articulating elbow joint
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Bones articulating ankle joint
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
Bones articulating wrist joint
Radius
Carpals
What are the 5 types of bones?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Long bones
Support weight, facilitates movement, acts as levers
Eg femur, radius
Short bones
Provide stability, small movements
Eg tarsals, carpals
Flat bones
Protect internal organs, blood cell production
Eg cranium, ribs
Irregular bones
Muscle attachment, movement, protection
Eg vertebrae, sacrum
Sesamoid bones
Protect/reinforce tendons
E.g patella
Muscular system function
Attach to bones to contract and create movement
Types of muscles in muscular system
Striated
Voluntary
What is un antagonistic muscle pair?
Pair of muscles that work together to allow movement
As one contracts (shortens) the other relaxes (lengthens)
What is the agonist muscle?
The muscle directly responsible for/ controls the movement
Shortens / contracts
What is the antagonist muscle?
Relaxes to allow movement to happen
Relaxes / lengthens
Antagonistic muscle pair examples
Biceps & triceps
Rhomboid, trapezius & pectorals
Abdominals & erector spinae
Deltoids & latissimus dorsi
Quadriceps & hamstring
Tibias anterior & gastrocnemius
Gluteals & hip flexor
What is a synergist muscle?
Assists the agonist in performing movement
Eg bicep curl → brachioradalis assists bicep
What is a fixator muscle?
Stabilises origin of agonist muscle so it can work efficiently
3 types of muscle contraction
Isometric
Concentric isotonic
Eccentric isotonic
What happens in isometric muscle contraction?
Doesn’t create movement
Muscle produces tension without hanging length
Eg crucifix, handstand, plank
What happens in concentric muscle contraction?
Muscle shortens under tension to produce force
Eg upward phase of bicep curl (bicep)
What happens in eccentric muscle contraction?
Muscle lengthens under tension to control/ decelerate movement
Eg downward phase of squat (quadriceps)
What is a joint?
A point where 2 bones meet
3 types of joints
Fibrous
Cartilogenous
Synovial
What is a fibrous joint?
- Allows no movement
- No joint cavity
- Bones held together by fibrous, connective tissue
Eg cranium, pelvic girdle
What is a cartilaginous joint?
- Allows small amount of movement
- bones separated by cartilage
Eg ribs joining sternum, vertebrae joining to form spine
What is a synovial joint?
- Allows movement freely / in multiple directions
- fluid -filled cavity surrounded by particular capsule
- hyaline / particular cartilage between bones
Types of synovial joints - ball & socket
Allows movement in all directions
Eg shoulder, hip
Types of synovial joints - hinge
Movement in one direction
Eg knee, ankle, elbow
Types of synovial joints - pivot
Only allows rotational movement
Eg atlas & axis vertebrae in neck, between radius & ulna
Types of synovial joints - condyloid / elipsoid
Allows side to side movement & forwards and backwards
Eg wrist
Types of synovial joints - gliding
Allows slight movement in every direction between 2 flat surfaces
Eg metacarpals/ tarsals, vertebrae
Types of synovial joints - saddle
Allows flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction (no rotation)
Eg between carpals & metacarpals
Flexion
Decrease in angle at joint
Eg- upward phase of bicep curl
Extension
Increase in angle at joint
Eg. Downward phase of bicep curl
Abduction
Movement away from midline of body
Eg outward motion of star jump
Adduction
Movement towards midline of body
Eg. Inward motion of star jump
Mnemonic to remember planes + axis
Shit For The (Planes)
Teams Feit League (Axes)
Shit Teams Forfeit The League
Movement in sagittal plane & transverse axis
Forwards / backwards
Up / down
Movement examples in sagittar plane & transverse axis
Flexion / extension
Plantarflexion / dorsiflexion
Somersault
Overhead throw
Bicep curl
Calf raises
Movement in frontal plane & frontal axis
Side to side
Movement examples in frontal plane & frontal axis
Addiction / abduction
Cartwheel
Crucifix
Lateral raise
Glute abduction
Movement in transverse plane & longitudinal axis
Rotational
Movement examples in transverse plane & longitudinal axis
Rotation
Horizontal flexion / extension
Pirouette
Hammerthrow
Dumbbell fly
Russian twist
