2- Pain treatment: pharmacology Flashcards
What enzymes are targeted by pain medications/NSAIDs?
COX enzymes
What does the COX enzymes produce?
Stimulate cells to produce prostanoids (prostaglandins) > cause pain
Describe the basic pathway of pain
Injury to cell membrane > Phospholipase A2 release arachidonic acid > Stimulates COX-1, COX-2 and lipoxygenase > Produces Prostanoids (PGE2, PGI2, TXA2, PGF) & Leukotrienes
Name 2 common SA NSAIDs
Meloxicam, Carprofen, Robenacoxib, Firocoxib
Name 2 common Equine NSAIDs
Phenylbutazone, Flunixin meglumine, Meloxicam
Name 2 common cattle NSAIDs
Meloxicam, Ketoprofen
Contraindications with NSAIDs
Renal/hepatic insufficiency
Hypovolaemia
Congestive heart failure
Coagulopathies
Spinal injuries
Gastric ulcers
Concurrent use of steroids
Pregnancy
Shock
Can paracetamol be used in cats?
No
What does Grapiprant (Galliprant) target
Blocks EP4 receptors
Targets canine oesteoarthritis pain and inflammation- so it is more selective so kidney and gut preserved from damage
what is pardale-V
Paracetamol & codeine
Name 3 opioids
Morphine, Methadone, Pethidine, Fentanyl, Buprenorphine, Butorphonal
Do local anaesthetics have a narrow or broad therapeutic index?
Narrow- so it is easy to overdose
T/F Only the ionised, charged form of local anaesthetics can interact with the receptor
True
Where is the receptor for local anaesthetics located?
Within the pore of sodium channels
How does paracetamol work
blocks central and peripheral COX
not classed as a NSAID
