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Histology > [2] Lecture 15- Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 15- Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

May proliferate extremely well

Self-renewing

May differentiate into several (≥2 diff. Cell types)

May reconstitute tissues after injury

A

Stem cells

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2
Q

Gives rise to all cells of an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues (cells which support embryonic development)

A

Totipotent cell

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3
Q

Ex of totipotent cell:

A

A zygote

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4
Q

Gives rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues

A

Pluripotent cell

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5
Q

Ex of pluripotent cell

A

Embryonic stem cell

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6
Q

Gives rise to different cell types of a given lineage

A

Mulitpotent cells

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7
Q

Ex of multipotent cell:

A

Adult stem cells

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8
Q

Derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst

Pluripotent-differentiate to all cell lineages

Technical and ethical limitations

May be induced from adult tissues

A

Embryonic stem cells

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9
Q

Harvested from mature organs/tissues [marrow]

Multipotent

More restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew.

A

Adult stem cells

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10
Q

Phase of hematopoiesis where:
Islands of hematopoiesis are found in the yolk sac wall

Give rise to nucleated RBCs

No leukocytes form during this phase

A

2-8 Weeks gestation

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11
Q

Phase of hematopoiesis where:
Hematopoiesis 1st occurs in the liver and then the spleen

Normally ceases around the time of birth

A

8-28 weeks gestation

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12
Q

Phase of hematopoiesis where:

Hematopoeisis occurs in red bone marrow

A

6 months to birth and beyond

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13
Q

Inner cell mass= embryo proper has what developmental capacity?

A

Multipotent

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14
Q

Marrow at birth:

A

All the marrow is red marrow at birth

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15
Q

_______ is the source of all blood cells

A

Red marrow

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16
Q

Prior to puberty, where is red marrow located?

A

Skull, sternum, vertebrae, clavicles,pelvis, long bones

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17
Q

After puberty, where is red marrow located?

A

Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, clavicles and pelvis

Same as p/t puberty except for long bones

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18
Q

In certain disease states, blood cell formation may occur in liver and spleen. What is this called?

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

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19
Q

Over time what happens to marrow?

A

Most marrow is converted to yellow marrow

Red marrow usually is restricted to sternum and iliac crests

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20
Q

Synthesizes and secretes hematopoietic growth factors

Contains fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipose cells, and endothelial cells

A

Stroma

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21
Q

Consists of various lineages of hematopoietic cells in diff. Stages of differentiation

The stage the blood cell is residing in

A

Parenchyma

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22
Q

Endothelial-lined spaces that connect arterial and venous vessels

Provides access for mature blood cells to move into circulation

A

Sinusoids

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23
Q

Bands of parenchyma and stroma lying between the sinusoids

A

Hematopoietic cords

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24
Q

Distribution of hematopoietic cells in parenchyma:

A

60% in granulocytopoiesis
30% in erythrocytopoiesis
10% in thrombocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, and lymphocytopoiesis

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25
Q

Myeloid / erythroid ratio

A

Total volume of cells in granulocytopoiesis / total volume of cells in erythrocytopoiesis

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26
Q

Normal myeloid/erythroid ratio:

A

3:1

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27
Q

Diseased myeloid/erythroid ratio:

A

Chronic myelogenous leukemia- 8:1

Polycythemia- 1:5

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28
Q

Migrate from the hematopoietic cords through the sinusoidal endothelial walls into the sinusoids

A

Mature blood cells

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29
Q

These are too large to translocate and must remain in the stroma
-site for platelet production

A

Megakaryocytes

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30
Q

All things necessary in cell must be present for what?

A

The cell to carry out its niche

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31
Q

Pluripotent

Can self-renew

Produce 2 kinds of multipotential precursor cells

Cannot be identified by morphology only by cell surface markers

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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32
Q

How do you identify hematopoietic stem cells:

A

Cell surface markers not by morphology/appearance

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33
Q

2 kinds of multipotential precursor cells:

A

Myeloid stem cell

Lymphoid stem cell

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34
Q

Gives rise to all blood cell lines except lymphocytes

A

Myeloid stem cell

35
Q

Gives rise to lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid stem cell

36
Q

Myeloid stem cells give rise to 5 kinds of colony-forming units:

A 
Erythroid CFU
Megakaryocyte CFU
Basophil CFU
Eosinophil CFU
Granulocyte-macrophage CFU
37
Q

Derived from myeloid stem cells but produces red blood cells

A

Erythroid CFU

38
Q

Derived from myeloid stem cells but produces platelet-forming cells

A

Megakaryocyte CFU

39
Q

Why is it not surprising the neutrophils and macrophages are produced by same CFU

A

Theyre both phagoctyic in function

40
Q

3 myeloid stem cell derivatives that used GM-CSF (granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor

A

BEG:

Basophil
Eosinophil
Granulocyte-macrophage

41
Q

Hormone that initiates RBC production from erythroid CFU

A

Erythropoietin

42
Q

Hormone that initiates PLT production from megakaryocyte CFU

A

Thrombopoietin

43
Q

SFC

A

Stem cell factor or c-kit ligand

44
Q

Basophil and Eosinophil become

A

Myeloblast

45
Q

Granulocyte-macrophage CFU becomes:

A

Neutrophils and monoblasts

46
Q

Myeloid stem cells have what level of developmental capacity

A

Pluripotent

47
Q

Granulocyte-macrophage CFU becomes:

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

48
Q

Basophil CFU becomes

A

Basophils and Mast cells

49
Q

What feature of basophils are so large they make the nucleus?

A

Cytoplasmic granules

50
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to 2 cell lines:

A

T-cell and B-cell progenitors

51
Q

Matures in the thymus

A

T-cell

52
Q

Matures in the bone marrow

A

B-cell

53
Q

What does the B in b-cell stand for?

A

Bursa of fabricius

54
Q

Macrophage series sequence:

A

Monoblast->
Promonocyte->
Monocyte->
Macrophage

55
Q

Neutrophil series sequence:

A 
Myeloblast->
Promyelocyte->
Myelocyte->
Metamyelocyte->
Band cell-> 
Neutrophil
56
Q

Eosinophil and Basophil CFU series:

A 
Myeloblast->
Promyelocyte->
Myelocyte->
Metamyelocyte->
Band Cell->
Eosinophil/basophil (Bcomes mast cell)
57
Q

Magekaryocyte CFU series:

A

Megakaryoblast->
Megakaryocyte->
Platelets

58
Q

Erythroid CFU series:**

A 
Proerythroblast->
Basophilic erythroblast->
Polychromatophilic erythroblast ->
Orthochromatic erythroblast->
Reticulocyte->
Erythrocyte
59
Q

Why is it called a reticulocyte

A

Stained appearance looks as if there is ER or reticular component in cell.

60
Q

What specific organ releases erythropoietin?

A

Adrenal cortex- renal

61
Q

Uptake of iron internalization:

A

1-ferrotransferrin binds transferrin receptor dimer-and phosphorylates
2-ferrotransferrin-transferrin complex endocytosis
3-Endosome low pH dissociates Fe3+ from transferrin. Release Fe3+into cytosol.
4-Fe3+ Unbound transferrin-now apoferritin- recycled by exocytosis by transferrin receptor

62
Q

Produced by endothelial cells in the marrow, fibroblasts, and stromal cells

A

Hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines

63
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors are what structural type?

A

Glycoproteins

64
Q

3 major type of hematopoietic growth factors:

A
  1. Colony-stimulating factors
  2. Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin
  3. Cytokines (primarily interleukins)
65
Q

Granulocyte/monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
Monocyte colony-stimulating factor

A

Colony- stimulating factors

One of the major types of hematopoietic growth factors

66
Q

Stimulates granulocytopoiesis and monocytopoiesis

A

Granulocyte/ monocyte colony-stimulating factor

Note: monocyte colony-stimulating factor commits CFU-GM to monocytic pathway

67
Q

Directs CFU-G to proliferate and differentiate into myeloblasts

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

68
Q

What are the 2 CSF that can be used to Tx neutropenia

A

Granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

69
Q

Directs CFU-E to proliferate and differentiate into proerythroblasts

A

Erythropoietin

70
Q

What is produced in the kidney as a response to low o2 sat?

A

Erythropoietin

71
Q

Any abnormal increase in RBC mass resulting from hypoxia and stimulating release of erythropoietin:

A

Secondary polycythemia

72
Q

Causes of secondary polycythemia:

A

Tetralogy of fallot
And
Cigarette smoke

73
Q

Directs formation of megakaryoblasts

A

Thrombopoietin

74
Q

Thrombopoietin in produced in:

A

PCT of kidney

And

Parenchyma cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver

75
Q

What is therapeutic use of thrombopoietin?

A

There is no therapeutic use of thrombopoietin

76
Q

Mediate + and - effects on cellular quiescence, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation.

A

Cytokines

77
Q

Cytokines engage in

A

Specific receptors
And
Activate a variety of signaling pathways

78
Q

Ex of cytokines:

A

Interleukin-3
GM-CSF
Fit-3 ligand
Kit ligand

79
Q

Where does heparin sulfates, collagens, laminin, and fibronectin regulate hematopoitic growth?

A

Heparin sulfates, collagens, laminin, and fibronectin regulate hematopoiesis in the extracellular matrix

80
Q

Regulate blood trafficking and homing to sites of need

A

Chemokines

81
Q

Chemokines may serve as

A

+ or - growth regulators

Tells blood cells where to go

82
Q

What binds to guanine-coupled transmembrane receptors?

A

Chemokines

83
Q

Ex of chemokines:

A

Sdf-1

Histology (13 decks)

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