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Histology > [2] Lecture 13 Osteogenesis and Joints > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 13 Osteogenesis and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, trapping some of the osteoblasts

A

Blastema

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2
Q

Aggregation of mesenchymal cells is controlled by:

A

Wnt, Hedghog, FGF, TGF-Beta

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3
Q

How do Osteoblast form osteocytes?

A

They’re trapped osteoblasts

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4
Q

Steps intramembranous bone formation:

A
  1. Aggregation of mesenchymal cells
  2. Mesenchymal cells-> osteoblasts
  3. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, trapping some of the osteoblasts [blastema]
  4. Trapped osteoblasts->osteocytes
  5. mineralization occurs via Ca++ ions
  6. Osteoblasts form epithelial like covering over 1˚ bone tissue, can secrete more osteoid on surface.
  7. 1˚ossification center becomes trabecula.
  8. Numerous trabeculae fuse together to form spongy bone
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5
Q

Initial bone=

A

Woven bone;

Collagen fibers are arranged randomly.

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6
Q

What type of bone occurs when collagen fibers become aligned?

A

Lamellar bone

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7
Q

Lamellar bone changes:

A

Becomes symmetrically arranged concentric ally forming Haversian canals

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8
Q

Usually consists of 2 layers of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone [diploe]

A

Membrane bone

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9
Q

Cartilage is replaced by bone

A

Endochondral bone formation

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10
Q

Steps of endochondral bone formation:

A
  1. 1˚ ossification center occurs in future diaphysis of cartilage model.
  2. Chondrocytes become hypertrophic.
  3. chondrocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factor.
  4. BLood vessels break through perichondrium, bringing in osteoprogenitor cells.
  5. Hypertrophic cartilage cells undergo apoptosis, leaving behind thin strands of calcified matrix.
  6. osteoblasts use calcified strands as substrates for deposition of osteoid.
  7. osteoid is calcified.
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11
Q

Primary ossification:

A

Diaphysis

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12
Q

Secondary ossification:

A

Epiphyses

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13
Q

4 zones of endochondral bone formation:

A

Reserve zone
Proliferation zone
Hypertrophic zone
Vascular invasion zone

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14
Q

Break down bone in center of diaphysis, forming medullary cavity

A

Osteoclasts

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15
Q

Cartilage is replaced by bone at which side of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Proximal

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16
Q

Cartilage is continually added to _____ end of epiphyseal plate

A

Distal

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17
Q

Is articular cartilage covered by periosteum?

A

NO

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18
Q

When epiphysis fuses w. Diaphysis:

A

Growth stops

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19
Q

Proliferation is stimulated by:

Which also prevents hypertrophy

A

Indian hedgehog [ihh]

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20
Q

Form calcified matrix
Synthesize type X collagen,
Secrete vascular endothelial GF,
Signal perichondrial cells to become osteoblasts

A

Hypertrophic Chondrocytes

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21
Q

4 steps of bone remodeling:

A

Activation
Resorption
Reversal
Formation

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22
Q

Osteoblast recruited to become osteoclasts;
Osteoclasts lining the inner lamella begin resorption process.

Which stage of bone remodeling?

A

Activation

23
Q

Additional osteoclast recruited and resorption slightly past boundary of osteon;
when Osteoclasts stop removing bone, osteoblasts appear

Which stage of bone remodeling?

A

Resorption

24
Q

Osteoblasts reverse resorption process by organizing a layer inside reabsorption cavity-secretes osteoid.

Which stage of bone remodeling?

A

Reversal

25
Q

Osteoblast continue laying down bone and eventually become trapped within the mineralized bone

Which stage of bone remodeling?

A

Formation

26
Q

Where 2 bones come together:

A

Joint

27
Q

Cartilaginous joints:

A

Amphiarthroses

28
Q

Amphiarthroses types of joints and their cartilage type:

A

Symphysis: fibrocartilage

Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage

29
Q

Ex of symphysis joints

A

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

30
Q

Ex synchondrosis joints:

A

Epiphyseal plates and 1st sternocostal joint

31
Q

Fibrous joints: and their joining material

A

Synarthroses: collage nous or elastic fibrous CT

32
Q

3 types of fibrous: synarthroses

A

Suture

Gomphosis

Syndesmosis

33
Q

Ex of suture

A

Joints between bones of the Calvaria

34
Q

Ex of gomphosis

A

PEg in the socket=

Tooth in alveoli

35
Q

Ex of Syndesmosis:

A

Fused by fibrous membrane such as the fibrous membrane between tibia and fibula.

36
Q

Synovial joints: what’re they?

A

Diarthroses

Movable joints exemplified by Connective capsule surrounding fluid-filled joint space.

Synovial joints reinforced outer capsule by ligaments.

37
Q

How are types of synovial joints classified?

A

Based on degree of freedom of movement.

38
Q

Joints allowing movement in one plane only: types:

A

Monoaxial:

Hinge
And
Pivot

39
Q

Ex of hinge joint

A

Humeroulnar and knee joints

40
Q

Ex pivot joint

A

Atlantoaxial
And
Radioulnar joints

41
Q

Joints allowing movement in two planes: types:

A

Biaxial

Condyloid
And
Saddle

42
Q

Ex of condyle is joint:

A

Metacarpophalangeal and atlantooccipital

43
Q

Ex of a saddle joint:

A

First carpometacarpal joint

44
Q

Joints allowing movement in three planes: types:

A

Triaxial

Ball and socket joints:

45
Q

Ex of ball and socket joints:

A

Glenohumeral and femoroacetabular joints

46
Q

Articular cartilage is made up of:

A

Hyaline cartilage- slippery

47
Q

Synovial joint is made up of:

A
  • Cavity
  • Capsule: outer fibrous (innervated)and inner synovial[vascularized]
  • Ligaments: Thickening of fibrous capsule attached by sharpey’s fibers
  • Synovial fluid: dialysate located in the synovial cavity
  • articular cartilage
48
Q

Hyaline cartilage
Lacks perichondrium
Not lined by synovial membrane

A

Articular cartilage

49
Q

Vascularized dense CT
Lined by synovial membrane
Attached to edges of articular cartilage

A

Joint capsule

50
Q

Highly vascularized -fenestrated capillaries
1-3 layers of synovial cells
No basal lamina

A

Synovial membrane

51
Q

Leaky…has holes in membranes

A

Fenestrated capillaries

52
Q

Contains mucin [hyaluronic acid-protein complex]

Produced by synovial cells

A

Synovial fluid

53
Q

Synovial cells:

A

Type A=macrophage-like

Type B=Fibroblast-like

Histology (13 decks)

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