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Histology > [1] Lecture 1-3 > Flashcards

[1] Lecture 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

The microscopic study of anatomy and structure of cells and tissues.

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2
Q

4 major groups of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, Nervous, and muscle

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3
Q

Example of epithelial tissue

A

Bladder, small intestine, kidney, skin,etc.

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4
Q

Ex of connective tissue

A

Bone, cartilage, adipose, hyaluronan, and hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Ex of muscle tissue

A

Cardiac, skeletal, smooth

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6
Q

Ex of nervous tissue

A

Cerebral cortex, purkinje

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7
Q

Role of Bichat in establishing histology

A

Described 21 membranes he viewed w/o a micro. Proposed that diverse body organs contain particular tissues/membranes

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8
Q

Who’s the father of modern histology>?

A

Marie Bichat

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9
Q

Role of Virchow in establishing histology

A

Asso. W/ establishment of cell theory(all cells come from existing cells) and coupling of histology w/ pathology

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10
Q

Koliliker contribution to histology

A

Applied schwann’s theories and made first textbook on histology and embryology

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11
Q

Matthew Schleiden contribution to histology

A

Botanist; described the cell as the “essential unit of life”. Co-created cell theory w/ Schwann

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12
Q

Theodore Schwann contribution to histology

A

Zoologist; Distinguished 5 classes of tissues. Co-created cell theory w/ Schlieden

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13
Q

Zacharias Janssen contribution to modern micro.

A

He and his nephew produced the first micro. W/ mag of 30X (1590)

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14
Q

Robert Hooke contribution to modern micro

A

Known for introducing the term “cell” When looking at plants and cork. Noticed compartments w/ thick walls. Used micro. W/ alcohol burner for lighting (1665)

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15
Q

Anthony Leeuwenhoek contribution to modern micro

A

Janitor that enjoyed creating lenses. Created 247 micro. W/ mag of 100X. Sent some to royal society. (1674)

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16
Q

Define refraction of light

A

Bending of light when entering a new medium

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17
Q

How is refractive Index calculated

A

[velocity of light / velocity of light through new medium]

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18
Q

What unit is used in refraction measurement?

A

Diopters

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19
Q

1 diopter =

A

1 meter / focal length of lens

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20
Q

Define focal point

A

All light rays will pass after passing thru lens

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21
Q

Define focal length

A

Distance from the center of lens to focal point

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22
Q

How are focal length and focal point r/t refraction?

A

Real image is formed when object is placed outside the focal point [which is inverted, can be projected on screen,differs in size]

Virtual image is formed when object is placed inside the focal point. [not inverted, can’t be projected onto a screen, can be magnified]

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23
Q

Real image forms when:

A

Object is outside of the focal point

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24
Q

Virtual image is formed when:

A

object is placed inside the focal point

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25
Q

Real image is:

A

Inverted, differs in size from the object, CAN be projected on screen

26
Q

Virtual image is:

A

Not inverted, CANT be projected onto a screen, CAN be magnified

27
Q

Greatest magnification will be obtained from:

A

lenses having a short focal length w/ the object as close as possible to the focal point- real image.

28
Q

What point will rays radiating at any plane from the object be brought to a focus with virtual image?

A

No points exist to bring to a focus

29
Q

Define resolution:

A

Ability to distinguish btw 2 small points as seperate points.

30
Q

How is resolution calculated?>

A

D = (0.61 X wavelength) / NA

31
Q

How can resolution be increased?

A

Use higher refractive index & shorter wavelengths

32
Q

Components of light micro.:

A

Light source, condenser, stage, objective lens, Ocular lens

33
Q

Light micro. Pros/con

A

Ability to magnify and resolve structural detail.

Specimen has to be thin & relatively little contrast in the unstained specimen

34
Q

How does Phase contrast micro. Work?

A

Allows looking at living cells w/o stains b/c the out of phase wavelengths are matched w/ other inducable out of phase wavelengths. To cancel their amplitude.

35
Q

What is a con about phase contrast micro?

A

No color

36
Q

HOw confocal micro work?

A

Adds a pinhole to eliminate out o focus light, enables reconstruction of 3D image. Combination of light and fluorescence fitted w/ scanning system which employs a laser beam convergent to produce shallow scanning spots. Can create very thin images of specimen. Make 3D image by stacking images.

37
Q

Advantages of confocal micro

A

Very thin optical images of the specimen are created, out of focus images are subtracted from the image by the computer program, computers can make 3D by stacking images

38
Q

HOw TEM work?

A

USes a beam of electrons rather than light. Comprised of cathode, anode, and electrons source [tungsten], electromagnets [condenser, objective, projection lens] holder viewing screen photographic film.

39
Q

Advantages of TEM:

A

Magnification

40
Q

TEM vs. SEM

A

SEM: scattered electrons, shows more surface composition while TEM shows internal. Don’t have to curt specimen / SEM. SEM can see more than TEM but at less magnification. SEM is 3D w/o stacking images.

41
Q

BAsic steps for tissue fixing and embedding

A

Fixing-dehydration-clearing [removal of alcohol]- embedding

42
Q

Purpose of fixing a specimen

A

Fixing prevent further deterioration and helps harden the tissue prior to embedding/sectioning…it does distort the specimen though

43
Q

Purpose for embedding tissues?

A

ALlows for more accurate measurements when sectioning a specimen

44
Q

Advantages and disadvantages for formalin as a fixing agent?

A

Formalin reacts w/ AA of tissue and stabilizes structure from further deterioration. HOWEVER, formalin is not good for fine cytological detail but can preserve whole specimen.

45
Q

Purpose for dehydration and hydration cycles in tissue processing?

A

Dehydrated to remove water /t embedding w/ hydrophobic paraffin-water must be removed

46
Q

Advantages of rotary microtome over hand-held?

A

More precise cutting…but heat is produces and specimen can get sticky

47
Q

Sectioning for TEM differ from paraffin embedded?

A

Section cut to 50-150 nm using diamond knives. Can’t handle specimen d/t too fragile. Floated to holder using copper grid…electrons don’t pass through copper. Holes in grid allow e to pass,

48
Q

Why is it preferred tissues stained for obs?

A

ANimal tissues are typically colorless. Except Fe in hemoglobin

49
Q

What are steps necessary for staining of paraffin embedded specimens

A
  1. Remove paraffin w/ xylene
  2. remove xylene w/ series of alcohol down to water
  3. Stains applied
  4. dehydrated again w/ series of alcohol
  5. alcohol removed w/ xylene
  6. Cement drop and cover slip applied
50
Q

Components of most common staining technique for tissues in general?

A

H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin used to view strutural features

51
Q

Hematoxylin characteristics

A

Comes from logwood.stains nuclear material dark purple/blue

52
Q

Eosin characteristics:

A

Acid dye: Stains most of the cytoplasmic components and extracellular a yellowish/pinkish/red color

53
Q

BAsic dyes characteristics:

A

React w/ anionic groups (phosphates/caroboxyls) Ex; methyl green, toludine blue, pyronine G, methylene blue

54
Q

Acid dye characteristics:

A

Binds w/ cationic tissues (amino groups) Ex: mallory’s triple stain, acid fuchsin, aniline blue, eosin, orange G

55
Q

MEtachromasia:

A

A dye that changes color after reacting w/ a tissue component

56
Q

Example of metachromatic stain.

A

Toludine blue used for ground substance or mast cell gramules

57
Q

What is histochemistry?

A

Chemistry of cell and tissues

58
Q

immunochemistry

A

Study presence of specific tissue constituents (antigens) by using monoclonal antibodies

59
Q

Schiff reaction

A

Reacts to aldehyde groups following exposure to HCl or periodic acid

60
Q

Feulgen rxn vs PAS[periodic acid-Schiff reaction]

A

Fuelgen: hydrolysis w/ HCl exposes aldehyde groups on DEOXYRIBOSE forms pinkish color.
PAS: periodic acid forms aldehyde groups too but btw adjacent carbons of CARBOHYDRATES [not deoxyribose]

61
Q

CLinical use for Periodic acid Schiff rxn:

A

Biopsies

Histology (13 decks)

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