2. Intravenous anesthetics. Neurolept analgesia. Perioperative medication .3. Benzodiazepines

Question 1

Intravenous anesthetics

Answer 1

Propofol 
Etomidate 
Ketamine 
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Opioids
α2 adrenergic agonists

Question 2

Propofol

Answer 2

sedative / hypnotic (no analgesia) 
for: induction and maintenance 
acts on GABAA receptors 
fast onset 
liver metabolism 
short half life 
antiemetic 
AE: Vasodilation, can have excitatory phenomena, pain at site of injection

Question 3

Etomidate

Answer 3

hypnotic (no analgesia)
induction due to rapid onset and short duration
Cardiovascular stability
AE: myoclonic movements

Question 4

Ketamine

Answer 4

NMDA antagonist (PCP site) 
Anesthetic and analgesic! 
“dissociative anesthesia” 
increases sympathetic activity 
good for hypovolemic / cardiogenic shock patients 
clinical indication: strok, hypertension 
No muscle relaxation effect 
AE: risk of convulsions

Question 5

Barbiturates for intravenous anesthesia

Answer 5

Thiopental

Methohexital

Question 6

Benzodiazepines for intravenous anesthesia

Answer 6

Midazolam
Lorazepam
Diazepam

Question 7

Opioids for intravenous anesthesia

Answer 7

Analgesic | choice based on duration
IV / Intrathecal injection
AE: hypotension, respiratory depression, muscle rigidity opioid “hangover” - nausea and vomiting
suffix - entanil

druges ...
Fentanyl
Alfentanil
Remifentanil
Sufentanil

Question 8

α2 adrenergic agonists for intravenous anesthesia

Answer 8

Clonidine

Dexmedetomidin

Question 9

dissociative anesthesia

Answer 9

characterized by catalepsy, catatonia, analgesia, and amnesia

not always involve loss of consciousness so it is not a state of general anesthesia

Question 10

Fentanyl

Answer 10

longest duration than other opiod

Question 11

Naloxone

Answer 11

antagonize opioids effect

Question 12

Dexmedetomidin

Answer 12

α2 adrenergic agonists

Sedative (without respiratory depression), analgesic, sympatholytic, anxiolytic effects

Question 13

Benzodiazepines

Answer 13

lipophilic
act on GABA.A

druges ..
Midazolam 
Triazolam 
Lorazepam 
Oxazepam 
Alprazolam 
Nitrazepam 
Chlordiazepoxide 
Diazepam 
Flurazepam 
Clonazepam 
Temazepam

Question 14

very short acting Benzodiazepines

Answer 14

Midazolam

Triazolam

Question 15

short acting Benzodiazepines

Answer 15

Lorazepam

Oxazepam

Question 16

medium acting Benzodiazepines

Answer 16

Alprazolam

Nitrazepam

Question 17

long acting Benzodiazepines

Answer 17

Chlordiazepoxide
Diazepam
Flurazepam

Question 18

Midazolam

Answer 18

Hypnotic, induction of general anesthesia (retrograde amnesia)

Question 19

Triazolam

Answer 19

Hypnotic

for difficulties falling asleep

Question 20

Lorazepam

Answer 20

Anxiolytic, Hypnotic, Antiepileptic , induction of general anesthesia (retrograde amnesia)

Question 21

Oxazepam

Answer 21

Anxiolytic

dont have active metabolite

Question 22

Alprazolam

Answer 22

Anxiolytic, used in Panic attack and mental depression as well

Question 23

Nitrazepam

Answer 23

Hypnotics

Question 24

Chlordiazepoxide

Answer 24

Anxiolytic

Question 25

Diazepam

Answer 25

Centrally muscle relaxant, Antiepileptic, premedication before general anesthesia

Question 26

Flurazepam

Answer 26

Hypnotic

Question 27

Clonazepam

Answer 27

prolonged treatment of anxiety disorders, panic, Antiepileptic (adjunctive therapy) First line drug in absence seizure and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome disadvantageous Sedation and tolerance

Question 28

Temazepam

Answer 28

intermediate acting | for patients experiencing frequent wakening

Question 29

Flumazenil

Answer 29

**not benzodiazepine** used as an antidot for BZN GABA receptor antagonist IV only

Question 30

Anxiolytic Benzodiazepines

Answer 30

Chlordiazepoxide Oxazepam Clonazepam Alprazolam

Question 31

hypnotic Benzodiazepines

Answer 31

``` Nitrazepam Flurazepam Midazolam Triazolam Lorazepam ```

Question 32

Benzodiazepines for panic attaks & mental depression

Answer 32

Alprazolam | Clonazepam

Question 33

Benzodiazepines for centrally acting skelatal muscel relaxants

Answer 33

Diazepam

Question 34

antiepileptic Benzodiazepines

Answer 34

Diazepam Lorazepam Clonazepam

Question 35

premedication before general anesthesia

Answer 35

Diazepam

Question 36

induction of general anesthesia

Answer 36

Midazolam | lorazepam

Question 37

metabolizem of bezodiazepinse

Answer 37

3 types diazepam type - active metabolite withe long half life triazolam type - active metabolite with short half life oxazepam type no active metabolite