2. Coaching To Enhance Participation And Performance Notes Flashcards
1
Q
What are some promoters to skill development?
A
- family support
- peer interactions
- venue accessibility
- spare time
2
Q
What are some barriers to skill development?
A
- excessive travel
- expensive
- bad climate
- low competence
3
Q
What are the 5 main sociocultural influences in sport?
A
- family
- peers
- culture
- gender
- community
4
Q
How can family influence a learners skill development?
A
- determine exposure at a young age
- practice skills together
- role model positive behaviours
- financial support
- emotional support
5
Q
What is a peer?
A
Someone at your level - classmate, friend, teammate
6
Q
How can peers influence skill development?
A
- make others feel like they are missing out if they aren’t joining in
- include others in socialisation
7
Q
What is a community?
A
People living in the same area or people with similar hobbies and skills
8
Q
How can community influence skill development?
A
- sporting clubs
9
Q
How can gender influence skill development?
A
- inclusive uniform
- availability of training
- stereotypes
10
Q
How can cultural beliefs and traditions influence skill development?
A
- encourage activity
- embed sport into funded government programs
- stereotypes
- religion
11
Q
What is an enabler?
A
Someone or something that has a positive influence on someone’s participation
12
Q
What is a barrier?
A
Someone or something that has a positive influence on someone’s participation
13
Q
What are the three stages of learning?
A
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
14
Q
How are the stages of learning for a person determined?
A
- difficulty of the skill
- amount of previous practice
- individual learning preference
15
Q
What are the characteristics of a cognitive learner?
A
- inconsistency of performance
- poor coordination
- low error correction
- high cognitive load
- low movement efficiency
- rapid improvement
16
Q
What should coaches focus on when teaching a cognitive learner?
A
- clear, concise instructions
- demonstrations are repeated numerous times
- break down skills into parts
- provide simple feedback
17
Q
What are the characteristics of an associative learner?
A
- great consistency and less errors
- increased accuracy
- self detect errors
- improved coordination
- refining and replicating movement actions
- decreased attentional detail required
18
Q
What should coaches focus on when teaching an associative learner?
A
- increased play time for decision making
- provide specific feedback
- support error correction
- regular practice opportunities
19
Q
Characteristics of an autonomous learner
A
- low attentional demand on skill, high accuracy
- can focus on tactics
- self detection and correction
- perform multiple activities at once
- ore attuned to game tunes
20
Q
What should coaches focus on when teaching an autonomous learner?
A
- maximise practice time to simulate game demands
- provide precise feedback
- allow learners to compare their skills to those of elite level
21
Q
What is explicit learning?
A
Learning through direct instruction on how to perform skills
22
Q
What is the direct approach to skill acquisition?
A
A highly structured coaching style where the coach controls all aspects of learning
23
Q
Is directly coaching explicit or implicit?
A
Explicit
24
Q
Characteristics of the direct approach of skill acquisition
A
- coach centered
- skills broken down into sub routines
- each sub routine must be mastered before progressing
- systematic and highly structured
- skills are learned in isolation, outside a game environment
- repetitive
25
Advantages of the direct approach to skill acquisition
- maximise practice time
- keeps learner focused
- increased mastery of FMS
- quick and easy set up for the coach
- predictable environment
26
Disadvantages of the direct approach to skill acquisition
- minimal game-sense practiced
- drill based activities can lower a players motivation to keep going
- lack of decision making opportunities for learners
27
What is the linear approach to learning?
Skills are learned in sequence, where the skills progressively get more difficult
28
Characteristics of the linear approach to learning
- optimal performance template is discussed and demonstrated
- drills and repetition
- absence of game application
- coaches make all decisions
29
What is implicit learning?
Where a learner learns skills through practice tasks with direct instruction from others how to complete the task
30
What is the constraints based approach to skill acquisition?
Where learners are to explore movement skills to find solutions to problems with less input from the coach, and greater interaction with other learners
31
What are the characteristics to the constraints based approach of skill acquisition?
- learner centred
- learners aren’t told what to do, but encouraged to find solutions on their own
- greater interaction with other players
- develop game-sense awareness
- use of analogies from coach
32
What are some advantages to the constraints based approach to skill acquisition?
- develops tactical thinking and problem solving players
- replicates game settings
- maintains high levels of motivation due to variability
33
What are some disadvantages to the constraints based approach of skill acquisition?
- not suited to cognitive learners
- requires high levels of motivation due
- less structured
- slower skill acquisition
34
What is the non-linear approach to learning?
An active process where skills are learnt in conjunction with one another and are not learnt in sequence of difficulty
35
What are some characteristics of the non linear approach to learning
- practice simulating actual game play
- focus on movement outcome
- creates variability in practice
36
What is the learners role in the non-linear approach to learning?
- to input what they do and don’t know
- input how they learn
- input how they adapt gameplay on their own
37
What are the types of constraints in sport?
- individual
- environmental
- task
38
What is an individual constraint?
Relates to the physical and functional aspects of performer
39
What are some examples of individual constraints?
- height
- strength
- fitness
- motivation
40
What is an environmental constraint?
A physical or sociocultural external factor
41
What are some examples of an environmental constraint?
- gravity
- weather
- surface materials
- obstacles
- court size
- social norms
- family support
42
What is a task constraint?
A manipulation of the games rules and/or objective
43
What is an example of a task constraint?
-modified rules
- number of players
- equipment
- information sources
44
What must a coach consider when using both direct and constraints based approaches for skill acquisition?
- learner characteristics
- skill level and stage of learning
- training objective and goals
Skill complexity
45
What are the two types of practice?
Part and whole
46
What is part practice?
A skill thats been broken down into its parts which are then practiced in isolation
47
What classification of skill is part practice good for?
Serial skills
48
What is whole practice?
Where coaches demonstrate the whole skill and the learners try to replicate the movements
49
What stage of learning is whole practice good for?
Associate and autonomous
50
What stage of learning is part practice good for?
Cognitive
51
What skill classification is whole practice good for?
Discrete and continuous
52
What are the two types of distribution of practice?
Massed and distributed
53
What does distribution of practice refer to?
The scheduling of practice sessions and spacing of practice trials within a session
54
What is massed practice?
Where practice sessions are less frequent and longer in duration - short rest time during sessions
55
What stage of learning is massed practice best for?
Autonomous learners
56
What classification of skill is massed practice good for?
Discrete
57
What are some advantages of massed practice?
- maximised practice time
- works well with non fatiguing, discrete skills
- suits elite, autonomous learners
58
What are some disadvantages of massed practice?
- physically and mentally draining
- repetitious and monotonous
59
What is distributed practice?
Practice sessions are more frequent and shorter in duration - have a longer rest period during the session
60
When is distributed practice most effective?
When learning a new skill
61
What are some advantages of distributed practice?
- greater learner engagement
- assists beginnners and those who are less motivated
- reduces mental an physical fatigue
- recovery period allows for memory consolidation
62
What are the two types of variability of practice?
Blocked and random
63
What is blocked practice?
Practicing the same skill repeatedly without change
64
What kind of environment is experienced during blocked practice?
Closed and predictable
65
Who is blocked practice suited to?
Young, cognitive learners
66
What is random practice?
Practice of different skills where the same skill does not occur twice in a row
67
What stage of learning is random practice suited to?
Associative and autonomous
68
What are the benefits of feedback?
- motivates a learner by providing information on the progress of skill learning
- highlights skill errors. And enables the learner to make appropriate corrections
- provides positive reinforcement, confirming whether the learner is performing correctly
69
What is intrinsic feedback?
Performance information from performers sensory system
70
What senses give us intrinsic feedback?
Touch, proprioception, vision, sound
71
What is augmented feedback?
Information that comes form an external source such as a coach or teacher and can be auditory and verbal, or demonstrative and non verbal
72
What is concurrent feedback?
Feedback provided during the performance
73
What is terminal feedback?
Feedback provided after performances
74
What are the two types of augmented feedback?
Knowledge of results and knowledge of performance
75
What is knowledge of results?
Knowledge of the result or outcome of the performance
76
What is knowledge of performance?
Knowledge of how the skill was performed by considering the technique and movement sequences used
77
