2. Coaching To Enhance Participation And Performance Notes Flashcards
What are some promoters to skill development?
- family support
- peer interactions
- venue accessibility
- spare time
What are some barriers to skill development?
- excessive travel
- expensive
- bad climate
- low competence
What are the 5 main sociocultural influences in sport?
- family
- peers
- culture
- gender
- community
How can family influence a learners skill development?
- determine exposure at a young age
- practice skills together
- role model positive behaviours
- financial support
- emotional support
What is a peer?
Someone at your level - classmate, friend, teammate
How can peers influence skill development?
- make others feel like they are missing out if they aren’t joining in
- include others in socialisation
What is a community?
People living in the same area or people with similar hobbies and skills
How can community influence skill development?
- sporting clubs
How can gender influence skill development?
- inclusive uniform
- availability of training
- stereotypes
How can cultural beliefs and traditions influence skill development?
- encourage activity
- embed sport into funded government programs
- stereotypes
- religion
What is an enabler?
Someone or something that has a positive influence on someone’s participation
What is a barrier?
Someone or something that has a positive influence on someone’s participation
What are the three stages of learning?
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
How are the stages of learning for a person determined?
- difficulty of the skill
- amount of previous practice
- individual learning preference
What are the characteristics of a cognitive learner?
- inconsistency of performance
- poor coordination
- low error correction
- high cognitive load
- low movement efficiency
- rapid improvement
What should coaches focus on when teaching a cognitive learner?
- clear, concise instructions
- demonstrations are repeated numerous times
- break down skills into parts
- provide simple feedback
What are the characteristics of an associative learner?
- great consistency and less errors
- increased accuracy
- self detect errors
- improved coordination
- refining and replicating movement actions
- decreased attentional detail required
What should coaches focus on when teaching an associative learner?
- increased play time for decision making
- provide specific feedback
- support error correction
- regular practice opportunities
Characteristics of an autonomous learner
- low attentional demand on skill, high accuracy
- can focus on tactics
- self detection and correction
- perform multiple activities at once
- ore attuned to game tunes
What should coaches focus on when teaching an autonomous learner?
- maximise practice time to simulate game demands
- provide precise feedback
- allow learners to compare their skills to those of elite level
What is explicit learning?
Learning through direct instruction on how to perform skills
What is the direct approach to skill acquisition?
A highly structured coaching style where the coach controls all aspects of learning
Is directly coaching explicit or implicit?
Explicit
Characteristics of the direct approach of skill acquisition
- coach centered
- skills broken down into sub routines
- each sub routine must be mastered before progressing
- systematic and highly structured
- skills are learned in isolation, outside a game environment
- repetitive
Advantages of the direct approach to skill acquisition
- maximise practice time
- keeps learner focused
- increased mastery of FMS
- quick and easy set up for the coach
- predictable environment
Disadvantages of the direct approach to skill acquisition
- minimal game-sense practiced
- drill based activities can lower a players motivation to keep going
- lack of decision making opportunities for learners
What is the linear approach to learning?
Skills are learned in sequence, where the skills progressively get more difficult
Characteristics of the linear approach to learning
- optimal performance template is discussed and demonstrated
- drills and repetition
- absence of game application
- coaches make all decisions
What is implicit learning?
Where a learner learns skills through practice tasks with direct instruction from others how to complete the task
What is the constraints based approach to skill acquisition?
Where learners are to explore movement skills to find solutions to problems with less input from the coach, and greater interaction with other learners
What are the characteristics to the constraints based approach of skill acquisition?
- learner centred
- learners aren’t told what to do, but encouraged to find solutions on their own
- greater interaction with other players
- develop game-sense awareness
- use of analogies from coach
What are some advantages to the constraints based approach to skill acquisition?
- develops tactical thinking and problem solving players
- replicates game settings
- maintains high levels of motivation due to variability
What are some disadvantages to the constraints based approach of skill acquisition?
- not suited to cognitive learners
- requires high levels of motivation due
- less structured
- slower skill acquisition
What is the non-linear approach to learning?
An active process where skills are learnt in conjunction with one another and are not learnt in sequence of difficulty
What are some characteristics of the non linear approach to learning
- practice simulating actual game play
- focus on movement outcome
- creates variability in practice
What is the learners role in the non-linear approach to learning?
- to input what they do and don’t know
- input how they learn
- input how they adapt gameplay on their own
What are the types of constraints in sport?
- individual
- environmental
- task
What is an individual constraint?
Relates to the physical and functional aspects of performer
What are some examples of individual constraints?
- height
- strength
- fitness
- motivation
What is an environmental constraint?
A physical or sociocultural external factor
What are some examples of an environmental constraint?
- gravity
- weather
- surface materials
- obstacles
- court size
- social norms
- family support
What is a task constraint?
A manipulation of the games rules and/or objective
What is an example of a task constraint?
-modified rules
- number of players
- equipment
- information sources
What must a coach consider when using both direct and constraints based approaches for skill acquisition?
- learner characteristics
- skill level and stage of learning
- training objective and goals
Skill complexity
What are the two types of practice?
Part and whole
What is part practice?
A skill thats been broken down into its parts which are then practiced in isolation
What classification of skill is part practice good for?
Serial skills
What is whole practice?
Where coaches demonstrate the whole skill and the learners try to replicate the movements
What stage of learning is whole practice good for?
Associate and autonomous
What stage of learning is part practice good for?
Cognitive
What skill classification is whole practice good for?
Discrete and continuous
What are the two types of distribution of practice?
Massed and distributed
What does distribution of practice refer to?
The scheduling of practice sessions and spacing of practice trials within a session
What is massed practice?
Where practice sessions are less frequent and longer in duration - short rest time during sessions
What stage of learning is massed practice best for?
Autonomous learners
What classification of skill is massed practice good for?
Discrete
What are some advantages of massed practice?
- maximised practice time
- works well with non fatiguing, discrete skills
- suits elite, autonomous learners
What are some disadvantages of massed practice?
- physically and mentally draining
- repetitious and monotonous
What is distributed practice?
Practice sessions are more frequent and shorter in duration - have a longer rest period during the session
When is distributed practice most effective?
When learning a new skill
What are some advantages of distributed practice?
- greater learner engagement
- assists beginnners and those who are less motivated
- reduces mental an physical fatigue
- recovery period allows for memory consolidation
What are the two types of variability of practice?
Blocked and random
What is blocked practice?
Practicing the same skill repeatedly without change
What kind of environment is experienced during blocked practice?
Closed and predictable
Who is blocked practice suited to?
Young, cognitive learners
What is random practice?
Practice of different skills where the same skill does not occur twice in a row
What stage of learning is random practice suited to?
Associative and autonomous
What are the benefits of feedback?
- motivates a learner by providing information on the progress of skill learning
- highlights skill errors. And enables the learner to make appropriate corrections
- provides positive reinforcement, confirming whether the learner is performing correctly
What is intrinsic feedback?
Performance information from performers sensory system
What senses give us intrinsic feedback?
Touch, proprioception, vision, sound
What is augmented feedback?
Information that comes form an external source such as a coach or teacher and can be auditory and verbal, or demonstrative and non verbal
What is concurrent feedback?
Feedback provided during the performance
What is terminal feedback?
Feedback provided after performances
What are the two types of augmented feedback?
Knowledge of results and knowledge of performance
What is knowledge of results?
Knowledge of the result or outcome of the performance
What is knowledge of performance?
Knowledge of how the skill was performed by considering the technique and movement sequences used
