Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory > 2: Carcinoma of the bronchus > Flashcards

2: Carcinoma of the bronchus Flashcards

1
Q

Define carcinoma of the bronchus

A

Malignant neoplasm arising from epithelium of bronchioles or bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are two types of bronchial carcinoma

A

Small cell lung cancer

Non small cell lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is most common type of bronchial carcinoma

A

Non small cell lung cancer (85%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What % of bronchial carcinomas are small cell lung cancer

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the three types of non small cell lung cancer

A
  • Squamous Cell Lung Cancer
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Large cell carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common type of non small cell lung cancer

A

Squamous cell lung cancer (35%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where to small cell lung cancers arise

A

Arise from neuroendocrine - Kluchitsky cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does small cell lung cancers arising from Kluchitsky cells mean

A

Most paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with small cell lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What % of small cell lung cancers have metastasised at presentation

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What two cancers arise from central part of the lung

A

2S’s:

Squamous cell lung-cancer
Small cell lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is squamous cell lung cancer strongly associated with

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does squamous cell lung cancer arise

A

Larger central airways adjacent to the hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do squamous cell lung cancers develop

A

Metaplasia- Dysplasia- Carcinoma sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is squamous cell lung cancer strongly associated with

A

Clubbing

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers

A

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is adenocarcinoma a type of

A

Non small-cell lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where do adenocarcinomas arise

A

Smaller peripheral airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is most common lung-cancer type in women

A

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the precursor for adenocarcinoma

A

atypical adenomatous hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a large cell carcinoma

A

cancer that cannot be histologically classified into other types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where do large cell carcinomas usually arise

A

peripheries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what can large cell carcinomas secrete

A

bHCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what cancers have strongest association with smoking

A

small cell lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where do small cell lung cancers arise

A

central airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

explain grading of small cell lung cancers

A

all small cell lung cancers are highly aggressive and therefore by definition are all high-grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the second most common cancer in the uk

A

lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which gender is bronchial carcinoma more common it and what cancer is an exception to this rule

A
  • Men. Except adenocarcinoma which is more common in women (6:1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are 5 RF for bronchial carcinoma

A
  • Smoking (90%)
  • FH
  • Radiation
  • Asbestos
  • Heavy metals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the most common presenting symptom of bronchial carcinoma

A

Cough (90%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are three symptoms of bronchial carcinoma

A

Cough
Haemoptysis
Dyspneoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are systemic symptoms of bronchial carcinoma

A
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Anorexia
32
Q

What cause stridor in lung cancer

A

Obstruction larger airways (SCLC, SCC)

33
Q

What does chest pain in lung cancer indicate

A

Chest wall involvement

34
Q

What does pain in arm or shoulder in bronchial carcinoma indicate

A

Pancoast tumour

35
Q

What does ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis in bronchial carcinoma indicate

A

Horner’s syndrome - compression sympathetic trunk

36
Q

what does hoarse voice or bovine cough in bronchial carcinoma indicate

A

Compression recurrent laryngeal nerve

37
Q

what can bronchial carcinoma (mainly SCLC and squamous cell lung cancer) cause

A

superior vena cava syndrome

38
Q

what causes dysphagia in bronchial carcinoma

A

lymph nodes can compress oesophagus

39
Q

what is a nail sign of lung cancer

A

clubbing

40
Q

what are two other pulmonary sequelae of lung cancer

A
  • Pleural effusion

- Pnuemonia

41
Q

what is SVC syndrome

A

tumour compresses SVC - impeding venous return from upper extremities presenting as dyspneoa and facial oedema

42
Q

what is a paraneoplastic syndrome

A

substance secreted by tumour that acts at a distance site

43
Q

what paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with squamous cell carcinoma

A

PTHrp

44
Q

what is the action of PTHrp

A

Increases bone reabsorption causing Hypercalcaemia

45
Q

what 3 paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with small cell carcinoma

A
  • SIADH
  • ACTH
  • Lambert-Eaton Myasthenia
46
Q

what does SIADH cause

A

Increases water absorption - results in low serum sodium

47
Q

what will patients with SIADH present with and why

A

Confusion, tiredness and drowsiness - due to cerebral oedema caused by fluid retention

48
Q

what does ectopic ACTH cause

A

Bilateral adrenal enlargement - and excess adrenal hormone secretion

49
Q

how can ectopic ACTH be differentiated

A

Bilateral enlargement of adrenal glands

50
Q

how does ectopic ACTH usually present

A

Polyuria and polydipsia (due to excess aldosterone). Symptoms due to increase cortisol are rare

51
Q

what causes LEMS syndrome

A

small cell carcinoma

52
Q

what antibodies are released in LEMS syndrome

A

antibodies to pre-synaptic voltage-gated calcium channels

53
Q

how does LEMS present

A

repeated contraction causes increased strength

54
Q

what is a pancoast tumour

A

peripheral lung cancer located in superior sulcus involves cervical nerves and brachial plexus (C8, T1, T2)

55
Q

what does a pan coast tumour cause

A
  • Horner syndrome

- Shoulder pain that radiates down the arm

56
Q

what is the clinical presentation of Horner syndrome

A

Miosis
Anhydrosis
Endopathalmos

57
Q

what is pre-cursor to adenocarcinoma

A

atypical adenomatous hyperplasia

58
Q

where does squamous cell carcinoma originate

A

metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma

59
Q

explain metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence of SCC

A
  • Columnar glandular epithelium undergoes metaplasia to form squamous epithelium
  • Squamous epithelium undergoes dysplasia to form carcinoma in situ
  • Carcinoma in situ transforms to SCC
60
Q

what are indications for referring under 2W pathway

A
  • Over 40 with: haemoptysis, cough, dyspneoa, recurrent chest infections, fatigue, weight loss
  • Abnormal findings on CXR
61
Q

what will be seen on CXR

A

Solitary nodule

62
Q

what is performed after CXR for lung-cancer

A

CT Neck, Thorax, Abdomen

63
Q

what is CT neck, thorax, abdomen used for

A

Stage lung cancer

64
Q

what are peripheral lung cancers

A

large cell

adenocarcinoma

65
Q

if a peripheral lung cancer is present and nodes less than 10mm what is ordered

A 
PET-CT 
Endobronchial US (US-guided transbronchial biopsy)
66
Q

if a central lung cancer or peripheral lesion with nodes more than 10mm what is performed

A
  • Biopsy of nodes

- Flexible bronchoscopy

67
Q

if evidence of bone metastases what is performed

A
  • X-ray
68
Q

if x-ray is negative, but individual has bone pain what is performed

A

MRI

69
Q

what is offered for high-stage lung cancers

A

CT Head

70
Q

in summary what is ordered to stage lung cancer

A

CT Neck, Thorax, Abdomen

71
Q

what is ordered to biopsy following

a. central lesions
b. peripheral lesions

A

a. Bronchoscopy

b. US guided transbronchial biopsy

72
Q

what is offered for small cell lung cancer

A

platinum based chemoradiotherapy

73
Q

what may be offered in small cell lung cancer

A

prophylactic cranial irradiation

74
Q

what is problem with non-small cell lung cancer

A

poor response to chemotherapy

75
Q

what is offered for low stage non-small cell lung cancer

A

surgery

76
Q

what should be done before surgery in non-SCLC

A

mediastinoscopy - to view mediastinal lymph nodes

77
Q

what is offered for N-SCLC

A

radiotherapy

Respiratory (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions