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NAPLEX 2024 > 2. Basic Science Concepts > Flashcards

2. Basic Science Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Define Substrate (or Ligand)

A

A substance that creates a signal or produces an effect by binding to a receptor, enzyme, or transporter

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1
Q

Define Endogenous

A

A substance that is produced by the body (such as a naturally-produced substrate)

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2
Q

Define Exogenous

A

A substance that is produced outside of a body (such as a drug or other chemical)

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3
Q

Define Agonist

A

A substance that combines with a receptor to initiate a reaction. Can be endogenous or exogenous (mimicking an endogenous substrate)

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4
Q

Define Antagonist

A

A substance that reduces or blocks a reaction. Can be endogenous or exogenous.

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5
Q

Define Induction

A

When a substance increases the activity of an enzyme

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6
Q

Define Inhibition

A

When a substance decreases or blocks the activity of an enzyme

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7
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) includes 2 parts: __ and ___

A

brain and the spinal cord

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8
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes 2 main systems. Explain both.

A

Somatic - voluntary (muscle)
Autonomic - involuntary (GI, CV)

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9
Q

____ is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the somatic nervous system. It is released in response to neuron signals and binds to __ receptors in ___ muscles to affect muscle movement.

A

ACh (acetylcholine)
Nicotinic receptors
Skeletal muscles

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10
Q

____ is known as the “rest and digest” system

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system work?

A

Releases ACh, which binds to muscarinic receptors throughout the body
Results in physiologic response known as SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, and digestion)

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12
Q

What happens when parasympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

SLUDD = Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, and digestion

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13
Q

____ is known as the “fight or flight” system

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system work?

A

Releases Epi or NE which acts on adrenergic receptors (alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2) in CV and respiratory systems
Results in increased BP, HR, and bronchodilation

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15
Q

What happens when sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

Increased BP, HR, and bronchodilation
Stimulation of beta-2 receptors in GI tract = increased glucose production to provide muscles with oxygen and energy

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16
Q

Where do you typically find alpha-1 receptors? beta-1? beta-2?

A

Alpha-1 = smooth muscles, including blood vessels
Beta-1 = heart (1 = 1 heart)
Beta-2 = lungs (2 = 2 lungs)

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17
Q

Vasopressors, such as __ and ___, stimulate multiple receptors, including ___ and ___, leading to increased vasoconstriction, HR, and BP.

A

Epi, NE
alpha-1 and beta-1

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18
Q

Clonidine is a central acting ___ adrenergic agonists. What does it do?

A

alpha-2
Stimulates presynaptic alpha-2 receptors located in the brain, decrease in overall sympathetic output (NT release) –> vasodilation (decreased BP) and decrease in HR

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19
Q

Endogenous substrate of muscarinic receptors?

A

ACh

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20
Q

Endogenous substrate of nicotinic receptors?

A

ACh

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21
Q

Endogenous substrate of alpha-1 receptors (mainly peripheral)?

A

Epi, NE

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22
Q

Endogenous substrate of alpha-2 receptors (mainly brain; central)?

A

Epi, NE

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23
Q

Endogenous substrate of beta-1 receptors (mainly heart)?

A

Epi, NE

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24
Q

Endogenous substrate of beta-2 receptors (mainly lungs)?

A

Epi

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25
Q

Endogenous substrate of dopamine receptors?

A

Dopamine (DA)

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26
Q

Endogenous substrate of serotonin receptors?

A

Serotonin (5-HT)

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27
Q

Action of muscarinic agonist?

A

Increase SLUDD

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28
Q

Action of muscarinic antagonists?

A

Decrease SLUDD

29
Q

Action of nicotinic agonist?

A

Increase HR, BP

30
Q

Action of nicotinic antagonist?

A

Neuromuscular blockade

31
Q

Action of Alpha-1 agonist?

A

Smooth muscle vasoconstriction, increase BP

32
Q

Action of Alpha-1 antagonist?

A

Smoot muscle vasodilation, decrease BP

33
Q

Action of Alpha-2 agonist?

A

Decrease release of Epi and NE, decrease BP/HR

34
Q

Action of Alpha-2 antagonist?

A

Increase BP, HR

35
Q

Action of beta-1 agonist?

A

Increase myocardial contractility, CO, HR

36
Q

Action of beta-1 antagonist?

A

Decrease CO, HR

37
Q

Action of beta-2 agonist?

A

Bronchodilation

38
Q

Action of beta-2 antagonist?

A

Bronchoconstriction

39
Q

Action of dopamine agonist?

A

Many, including renal, cardiac, and CNS effects

40
Q

Action of dopamine antagonist?

A

Many, including renal, cardiac, and CNS effects

41
Q

Action of serotonin agonist?

A

Many, including platelet, GI, and psychiatric effects

42
Q

Action of serotonin antagonist?

A

Many, including platelet, GI, and psychiatric effects

43
Q

Muscarinic agonist drug examples

A

Pilocarpine, bethanechol

44
Q

Muscarinic antagonist drug examples

A

Atropine, oxybutynin

45
Q

Nicotinic agonist drug examples

A

Nicotine

46
Q

Nicotinic antagonist drug examples

A

Neuromuscular blockers (e.g. rocuronium)

47
Q

Alpha-1 agonist drug examples

A

Phenylephrine, dopamine (dose-dependent)

48
Q

Alpha-1 antagonist drug examples

A

Alpha-1 blockers (e.g. doxazosin, carvedilol, phentolamine)

49
Q

Alpha-2 agonist drug examples

A

Clonidine, brimonidine (ophthalmic, for glaucoma)

50
Q

Alpha-2 antagonist drug examples

A

Ergot alkaloids, yohimbine

51
Q

Beta-1 agonist drug examples

A

Dobutamine, isoproterenol, dopamine (dose-dependent)

52
Q

Beta-1 antagonist drug examples

A

beta-1 selective blockers (e.g. metoprolol) and non-selective beta-blockers (e.g. propranolol, carvedilol)

53
Q

Beta-2 agonist drug examples

A

Albuterol, terbutaline, isoproterenol

54
Q

Beta-2 antagonist drug examples

A

Non-selective beta-blockers (e.g. propranolol, carvedilol)

55
Q

Dopamine agonist drug examples

A

Levodopa, pramipexole

56
Q

Dopamine antagonist drug examples

A

First-gen antipsychotics (e.g. haloperidol), metoclopramide

57
Q

Serotonin agonist drug examples

A

Triptans (e.g. sumatriptan)

58
Q

Serotonin antagonist drug examples

A

Ondansetron, second-gen antipsychotics (e.g. quetiapine)

59
Q

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drug examples and action

A

Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
Blocks acetylcholinesterase, resulting in increased ACh levels // used to treat Alzheimer’s disease

60
Q

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor drug examples and action

A

Entacapone
Blocks COMT enzyme to prevent peripheral breakdown of levodopa, resulting in increased duration of action of levodopa; used to treat Parkinson disease

60
Q

Angiotensin-coverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug examples and action

A

ACEi (e.g. lisinopril, ramipril)
Inhibits production of angiotensin II, resulting in decrease vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion; used to treat HTN, HF, and kidney disease

61
Q

Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor drug examples and action

A

NSAIDs (e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen)
Blocks COX enzymes to decrease prostaglandins and thromboxane A2; used to treat pain/inflammation and decrease platelet activation/aggregation (Aspirin)

62
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor drug examples and action

A

MAOi (e.g. phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, selegiline, rasagiline, methylene blue, linezolid)
Blocks MAO which increase catecholamine levels; used to treat depression
If catecholamine levels increase too much (d/t additive effects with other drugs or food), toxic effect can occur like hypertensive crisis or serotonin syndrome

63
Q

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor drug examples and action

A

PDE-5i (e.g. sildenafil, tadalafil)
Competitively bind to the same active site as cGMP on the PDE-5 enzyme, preventing the breakdown of cGMP and prolonging smooth muscle relaxation(e.g. in the arteries of the penis); used to treat ED

64
Q

Vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitor drug examples and action

A

Warfarin
Blocks vit K epoxide reductase enzyme which decreases production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X; used to treat or prevent blood clots

65
Q

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor drug examples and action

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor - allopurinol
Blocks xanthine oxidase enzyme which decreases uric acid production; used to prevent gout attacks

66
Q

Symptoms of serotonin syndrome

A

Tremor, akathisia (inability to remain still), clonus (involuntary muscle contractions), hyperthermia, sweating

67
Q

Symptoms of hypertensive crisis

A

HTN, tachycardia, agitation, death

68
Q

What are some drugs/food that can increase risk of hypertensive crisis

A

bupropion, SNRIs, TCAs, stimulants, levodopa, linezolid, methylene blue, tyramine (From food)

69
Q

What are some drugs/food that can increase risk of serotonin syndrome

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, mirtazapine, trazodone, triptans, opioids, tramado, buspirone, lithium, dextromethorphan, St. John’s wort

70
Q

Which drugs have a beta-lactam ring?

A

penicillins, cephalosporin, carbapenems, monobactam (aztreonam)

NAPLEX 2024 (74 decks)

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