16. Compounding II: Equipment, Stability, and Excipients Flashcards

1
Q

A graduate should not be used to measure volumes less than __% of the graduate’s capacity

A

20%

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2
Q

___ are most accurate for measuring small volumes and especially useful for measuring viscous liquids (e.g. glycerine, mineral oil)

A

Syringes

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3
Q

You need to draw up 5mL. You have 1mL, 3mL, 5mL, and 10mL syringes. Which syringe will you use?

A

10mL - do NOT use the exact size syringe needed because the plunger can become dislodged. Use closest syringe size above the size needed (do NOT add 2 different syringe sizes for a dose

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4
Q

Minimum weighable quantity formula

A

WMQ = sensitivity requirement (SR) / acceptable error rate (0.05 or 5%)

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5
Q

What kinds of mortar and pestles do compounding pharmacies must have?

A

1 glass and 1 Wedgewood or porcelain

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6
Q

___ mortars are used for liquids, such as suspensions and solutions, and for mixing compounds that are oily or can stain

A

Glass

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7
Q

___ mortars are preferred for grinding dry crystals and hard powder d/t their rough surface

A

Wedgewood

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8
Q

___ mortars are preferred for blending powders and pulverizing gummy consistencies d/t their smooth surface

A

Porcelain

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9
Q

T/F: a metal spatula should be used if making a mixture that contains metallic ions

A

False - should NOT be used

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10
Q

What kind of spatula is used to handle corrosive material?

A

Rubber

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11
Q

Capsule sizes for human use range from 000 (largest/smallest) size and 5 (largest/smallest) size

A

Largest, smallest

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12
Q

Where can you find a list of ingredients recommended for compounding?

A

USP national formulary (USP-NF) or Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) substances list

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13
Q

If there is an ingredient w/o an expiration date, the pharmacists will assign a conservative date that is no more than __ from the date of receipt

A

3 years

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14
Q

Surfactants are used to (increase/lower) the surface tension between 2 ingredients (or phases) to makes them more miscible

A

lower

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15
Q

___ is a mixture of 2 or more liquids which are not able to be blended together

A

Emulsion

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16
Q

___ are substances that reduce the surface tension between a liquid and solid to permit the substance to more easily spread

A

Wetting agents

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17
Q

___is a solid dispersed in a liquid

A

Suspension

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18
Q

What is the difference between levigation and trituration?

A

Levigation uses a levigant such as glycerin (for aqueous) or mineral oil (for lipophilic) to aid in grinding
Trituration is grinding of particles without the addition of a liquid

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19
Q

T/F: oil in water (o/w) emulsions are typically used for topical formulations given bad taste

A

False - oil in water emulsions are typically used for oral formulations

20
Q

T/F: water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions are typically used for topical formulations given bad taste

21
Q

Explain hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)

A

HLD scale range is 0 to 20 (midpoint 10)
Surfactants with low HLB (<10) = more lipid soluble (w/o)
Surfactants with high HLBD (>10) = more H2O soluble (o/w)

22
Q

USP emphasizes 3 types of chemical reactions that cause most drug products to become unstable and degrade. Name them.

A
  1. oxidation-reduction
  2. hydrolysis
  3. photolysis
23
Q

A compound is oxidized when it (loses/gains) electrons and reduced when it (loses/gains) electrons

A

oxidize = lose
reduced = gains

24
Q

Which compounds are likely to become oxidized?

A

hydroxyl (-OH) group directly bonded to an aromatic ring
Examples: catecholamines (e.,g. epinephrine), phenolics (e.g. phenylephrine), aldehydes

25
How to prevent oxidation?
Light protection (amber glass, etc.) Adequate storage Chelating agents (common ones edetate disodium (EDTA), edetate calcium disodium, and edetic acid) Antioxidants (inhibits free radicals - common ones: ascorbic acid (vit C), tocopherols (vit E), ascorbyl palmitate, Na ascorbate, Na bisulfate, Na sulfoxylate, and Na thiosulfate) Maintain pH (with buffer)
26
____ occurs when water causes the cleavage of a bond in a molecule
Hydrolysis
27
Which compounds are likely to be hydrolyzed?
esters, amides, and lactams
28
___ is a carbonyl group bonded to an OR group
Ester
29
___ is a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen
Amide
30
How to prevent hydrolysis?
Light protection Desiccants (to absorb moisture) Lyophilized powders (freeze-dried) Chelating agents Hygroscopic salt (water-absorbing salt) Pro-drug formulation (hydrolysis activates the drug - e.g. acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) hydrolyzed to salicylic acid (analgesic) and acetic acid) Temperature (hydrolysis occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures) Maintain pH (with buffer)
31
T/F: hydrolysis occurs more rapidly at colder temperatures
False - higher temperatures
32
UV light exposure can cause ____
photolysis
33
What are some examples of compounds likely to degrade by light exposure?
Ascorbic acid folic acid nitroprusside phytonadione injection
34
____ is when a compound changes into a form with the same atoms but an inactive structure
Isomerization
35
___ is when a compound changes into an isomer that differs only in the configuration of atoms. 2 compounds are stereoisomers, this process creates a chiral counterpart (can be inactive or active)
Epimerization
36
____ can happen to compounds with dissolved carboxylic acids. Should be kept refrigerated
Decarboxylation
37
Aqueous solutions of ___ aer liquid when refrigerated and form a gel at room temp
poloxamers (pluronic gel, PLO gel)
38
Alcohol (used as a solvent) should be avoided in ___ (patient population)
children
39
Aspartame (contains phenylalanine, used as sweeter) should be avoided in ___ (patient population)
phenylketonuria (PKU), not able to metabolize phenylalanine
40
Gelatin (used to form capsule shells) should be avoided in ___ (patient population)
Vegetarians and vegans, anyone who wishes to avoid pork Alternatives: hypromellose capsule shells (cellulose-based, vegan and vegetarian friendly)
41
Gluten (used as starch/filler) should be avoided in ___ (patient population)
Celiac, anyone who wishes to avoid gluten Alternatives: non-gluten source starch like corn, potato, tapioca
42
Lactose (used as sweetener, to compress tabs and as filler/diluent) should be avoided in ___ (patient population)
Lactose intolerance or allergy
43
Preservatives (e.g. benzyl alcohol) should be avoided in ___ (patient population)
neonates Use preservative-free formulations
44
Sorbitol (used as sweetener) should be avoided in ___ (patient population)
Irritable Bowl Syndrome (IBS) -- can cause GI distress in IBS patients
45
Sucrose (table sugar, used as sweetener and coating)
Diabetes
46
Xylitol (used as sweetener) should be avoided in ___ (patient population)
Dogs - can cause xylitol toxicosis (hypoglycemia and liver damage) May cause GI upset in humans