(2) ATM - Longitudinal Separation Flashcards
What is the application of Longitudinal separation? (2)
- Spacing between the estimated positions of the aircraft being separated is never less than a prescribed minimum
- Separation between aircraft following the same or diverging tracks may be maintained by application of speed control, including the Mach number technique
How do we achieve Longitudinal separation? (3)
- Depart at a specified time
- To lose time to arrive over a geographical location at a specified time
- To hold over a geographical location until a specified time
What is Depart at a specified time? (2)
- 1 minute separation if A/C diverging 45°> immediately after T/O
May be reduced when aircraft are using parallel runways or for operations on diverging runways which do not cross (If approved by CAA)
When may departing aircraft require 2 minute separation? (1)
Required when the preceding aircraft is 40kt or more faster than the following aircraft and both aircraft will follow the same track
When may departing aircraft require 5 minute separation? (1)
Required while vertical separation does not exist if a departing aircraft will be flown through the level of a preceding departing aircraft and both aircraft propose to follow the same track
What the 3 ways you can achieve longitudinal separation? (3)
- Same track
- Reciprocal track
- Crossing track
What is a Same Track? (1)
When the track of one aircraft is separated from the track of the other by <45° and >315°
What is a Reciprocal Track? (1)
When the track of one aircraft is separated from the reciprocal of the other by >135° and <225°
What is a Crossing Track? (2)
- Intersecting tracks which are not classed as
‘same’ or ‘reciprocal’ - From angles between:
45° - 135°
225° - 315°
Time based, same level & track
15 Minutes
Time based, same level & track
If navigation aids permit frequent
determination of position and speed
10 minutes
Time based, same level & track
Provided the preceding aircraft is maintaining a TAS of 37km/h (20kts) or more faster than the succeeding aircraft, that have reported over
the same exact reporting point or departed from the same Aerodrome
5 minutes
Time based, same level & track
Between departing and en-route aircraft after the en-route aircraft has reported over a fix, so located as to ensure that 5 minute separation can be established at the point the departing aircraft will join the route
5 minutes
When can 5 minute separations be reduced to 3 minutes? (1)
- Preceding aircraft maintaining TAS 40kt> than succeeding aircraft
Time based, same level & CROSSING TRACKS
- Standard: 15 minutes
- Europe: 10 minutes (navigation aids permit frequent determination of position and speed)
Time based, SAME TRACKS
No vertical separation
15 minutes
Time based, same tracks, WITH NAVAID AVAILABLE
No vertical separation
10 minutes
Time based, same tracks, with navaid, SECOND AIRCRAFT OVER NAVAID
No vertical separation
5 minutes
Oppositie direction traffic passing each other and climbing through levels
- 10 minutes - If not determined
- No time required - If determined
- DISTANCE BASED
- SAME TRACK
- SAME LEVEL
- DME used “On track”
20nm
- DISTANCE BASED
- SAME TRACK
- SAME LEVEL
- DME used “On track”
- Leading A/C is 20>kts TAS
10nm
- DISTANCE BASED
- CROSSING TRACK
- SAME LEVEL
- DME used “On track”
If angle is less than 90°:
- Standard: 20nm
- Leading A/C is 20>kts TAS - 10nm
- DISTANCE BASED
- CLIMBING / DESCENDING
- SAME TRACK
- DME used “On track”
- Tracking to collocated WP
- 1 A/C maintains level
10nm
- DISTANCE BASED
- RECIPROCAL TRACK
- Both “On track”
- DME and/or WP
10nm
May descend/clumb once 10nm established
What level does Mach at 660kts decrease to 572kts? (1)
FL360 and above
When are Mach speeds assigned? (1)
FL250 and above
At higher levels, how many kts does M0.01 equate to? (1)
6 kts
Standard Longitudinal separation minima with Mach number technique based on time is? (1)
10 minutes
Mach - Longitudinal separation table
(Pattern shows all numbers add to “11”)
