(2) ATM - Lateral Separation

Question 1

What is lateral separation? (1)

Answer 1

The distance between those portions of the intended routes for which aircraft are to be laterally separated is never less than an established distance to account for navigational inaccuracies plus a specified buffer

Question 2

How is lateral separation obtained? (4)

Answer 2

• Different routes
• Visual observation
• Use of Navaids
• Use of RNAV equipment

Question 3

What shall ATC do, if an aircrafts navigation is below performance requirements? (1)

Answer 3

Apply alternative separation methods or minima

Question 4

How may Lateral separation be applied? (5)

Answer 4

• By reference to the same or different geographical locations
• By use of the same navigation aid or method
• By use of different navigation aids or methods
• RNAV operations where RNP is specified on parallel tracks or ATS routes
• Transitioning into airspace where a greater lateral separation applies

Question 5

behaviour of flyover vs fly-by on an ATS route diagram

Answer 5

Question 6

What is Geographical separation? (1)

Answer 6

Geographical Separation is separation positively indicated by position reports over different geographical locations as determined visually or by reference to a navigation aid

Question 7

What are the four methods of track separation? (4)

Answer 7

• VOR
• NDB
• GNSS / GNSS
• VOR / GNSS

Question 8

Lateral separation using a VOR

Answer 8

Both aircraft are established on radials diverging by at least 15° and at least one aircraft is at a distance of 15nm or more from the facility

Question 9

Lateral separation using an NDB

Answer 9

Both aircraft are established on tracks to
or from the NDB which are diverging by at least 30° and at least one aircraft at a distance of 15nm or more from the facility

Question 10

Lateral separation using GNSS / GNSS

Answer 10

• Each A/C confirmed established on a track with zero offset between 2 WP’s
• Least one aircraft is at a minimum distance from a common point

Question 11

Lateral separation using VOR / GNSS

Answer 11

The aircraft using VOR is established on a radial to or from the VOR and the other, using GNSS is confirmed to be established on a track with zero offset between two waypoints and at least one aircraft is at a minimum distance from a common point

Question 12

Departing IFR from Arriving traffic (Lateral separation)

Answer 12

Question 13

Lateral separation using different navigation aids or methods (Navaids vs RNAV)

Answer 13

lateral separation shall be established by ensuring that the derived protected airspaces for the navigation aid(s) or RNP do not overlap

Question 14

lateral separation with RNAV Operations (where RNP is specified) on parallel tracks or ATS routes

Answer 14

• Lateral separation between RNAV-equipped aircraft may be obtained by requiring aircraft to be established on the centrelines of parallel tracks or ATS routes spaced at a distance which ensures that the protected airspace of the tracks or ATS routes does not overlap
• The use of this separation is limited to intersecting tracks that converge to or diverge from a common point at angles between 15 and 135 degrees

Question 15

Lateral separation of Aircraft on intersecting tracks or ATS routes table

Answer 15