2 Flashcards
specific areas of child’s developmental progress and growth. Each child develops at their own pace and many factors, including age, genetics, and the environment can affect how and when a child develops
Developmental domains
refers to specific aspects of growth and change
Domains
The major domains of development are
Physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional
explores how we change and grow from conception to death.
Lifespan development
view development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically across three developmental domains: physical, cognitive development, and psychosocial.
Developmental psychologist
Each period of the life span is affected by what happened before and will affect what is to come. Each period has unique characteristics and value. No period is more or less important than any other
Development is lifelong
It occurs along multiple interacting dimensions (_____________) each of which may develop at varying rates.
Biological, psychological, and social
As people gain in one area, they may lose in another, sometimes at the same time. Children grow mostly in one direction-up-both in size and in abilities. Then the balance gradually shifts.
Development is multidirectional
typically gain in physical abilities, but their facility in learning a new language typically declines.
Adolescents
The process of development is influenced by both biology and culture, but the balance between influences changes.
Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the lifespan
_____such as sensory acuity and muscular strength and coordination, weaken with age, but ______ such as education, relationships, and technologically age-friendly environments, may help compensate.
Biological abilities
Cultural supports
Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the lifespan
Individuals choose to invest their resources of time, energy, talent, money, and social support in varying ways.
Development involves changing resource allocations
Resources may be used for ?
Growth, maintenance/ recovery, dealing with loss
In _____, the bulk of resources typically goes to growth;
In ____, to regulation of loss.
In ____, the allocation is more evenly balanced among the three functions.
Childhood and young adulthood
Old age
Midlife
Many abilities, such as memory, strength, and endurance, can be improved significantly with training and practice, even late in life. However, even in children, ____ has limits that depend in part of the various influences on development. One of the tasks of developmental research is to discover to what extent particular kinds of development can be modified at various ages.
Development shows plasticity
all about our ability to change and that many of our characteristics are malleable. For instance, ____ is illustrated in the brain’s ability to leaning from experience and how it can recover from injury
Plasticity
Each person develops within multiple contexts – circumstances or contidions defined in part by maturation and in part by time and place.
Human beings not only influence but also are influenced by their __________
Historical-cultural context
believed that early experiences shaped later functioning, and he drew attention to childhood as an important precursor to adult behavior.
Freud
Erikson’s theory is important because of its emphasis on ________ and on development beyond adolescence.
Social and cultural influences
maintains that development results from learning, as a long lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to the environment.
Learning perspective
seek to discover objective laws that govern changes in observable behavior and see development as continuous.
Learning theorists
Two important learning theories are
Behaviorism and social learning theory
mechanistic theory that describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience
Behaviorism
Behaviorists consider development as
Reactive and continuous
They hold that human beings at all ages learn about the world the same way other organisms do: by reacting to conditions or aspects of their environment that they find pleasing, painful, or threatening.
Behaviorists
was keen on contemplating how processing functions in animals.
Ivan Pavlov
assumes that all learning occurs through interactions with the environment and that environment shapes behavior.
Behaviorism
stimulus or trigger that leads to an automatic response.
Unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that doesn’t initially trigger a response on its own.
Neutral stimulus
stimulus that was once neutral (didn’t trigger a response) but now leads to a response
Conditioned stimulus
automatic response or a response that occurs without thought when an unconditioned stimulus is present.
Unconditioned response
learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before
Conditioned response
coined the term “operant conditioning” and wrote about it in his book
“_______” which he co-authored with psychologist Charles B. Ferster.
Bf skinner
Schedules of reinforcement
Classical conditioning is based on _________,
operant conditioning involves _____.
The main difference here is that one leads to an ________ (classical) and the other involves a ________ (operant).
A stimuli and response model
A behavior and consequence
Unconscious effect
Conscious choice
