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Question 1

specific areas of child’s developmental progress and growth. Each child develops at their own pace and many factors, including age, genetics, and the environment can affect how and when a child develops

Answer 1

Developmental domains

Question 2

refers to specific aspects of growth and change

Answer 2

Domains

Question 3

The major domains of development are

Answer 3

Physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional

Question 4

explores how we change and grow from conception to death.

Answer 4

Lifespan development

Question 5

view development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically across three developmental domains: physical, cognitive development, and psychosocial.

Answer 5

Developmental psychologist

Question 6

Each period of the life span is affected by what happened before and will affect what is to come. Each period has unique characteristics and value. No period is more or less important than any other

Answer 6

Development is lifelong

Question 7

It occurs along multiple interacting dimensions (_____________) each of which may develop at varying rates.

Answer 7

Biological, psychological, and social

Question 8

As people gain in one area, they may lose in another, sometimes at the same time. Children grow mostly in one direction-up-both in size and in abilities. Then the balance gradually shifts.

Answer 8

Development is multidirectional

Question 9

typically gain in physical abilities, but their facility in learning a new language typically declines.

Answer 9

Adolescents

Question 10

The process of development is influenced by both biology and culture, but the balance between influences changes.

Answer 10

Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the lifespan

Question 11

_____such as sensory acuity and muscular strength and coordination, weaken with age, but ______ such as education, relationships, and technologically age-friendly environments, may help compensate.

Answer 11

Biological abilities
Cultural supports

Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the lifespan

Question 12

Individuals choose to invest their resources of time, energy, talent, money, and social support in varying ways.

Answer 12

Development involves changing resource allocations

Question 13

Resources may be used for ?

Answer 13

Growth, maintenance/ recovery, dealing with loss

Question 14

In _____, the bulk of resources typically goes to growth;

In ____, to regulation of loss.

In ____, the allocation is more evenly balanced among the three functions.

Answer 14

Childhood and young adulthood
Old age
Midlife

Question 15

Many abilities, such as memory, strength, and endurance, can be improved significantly with training and practice, even late in life. However, even in children, ____ has limits that depend in part of the various influences on development. One of the tasks of developmental research is to discover to what extent particular kinds of development can be modified at various ages.

Answer 15

Development shows plasticity

Question 16

all about our ability to change and that many of our characteristics are malleable. For instance, ____ is illustrated in the brain’s ability to leaning from experience and how it can recover from injury

Answer 16

Plasticity

Question 17

Each person develops within multiple contexts – circumstances or contidions defined in part by maturation and in part by time and place.
Human beings not only influence but also are influenced by their __________

Answer 17

Historical-cultural context

Question 18

believed that early experiences shaped later functioning, and he drew attention to childhood as an important precursor to adult behavior.

Answer 18

Freud

Question 19

Erikson’s theory is important because of its emphasis on ________ and on development beyond adolescence.

Answer 19

Social and cultural influences

Question 20

maintains that development results from learning, as a long lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to the environment.

Answer 20

Learning perspective

Question 21

seek to discover objective laws that govern changes in observable behavior and see development as continuous.

Answer 21

Learning theorists

Question 22

Two important learning theories are

Answer 22

Behaviorism and social learning theory

Question 23

mechanistic theory that describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience

Answer 23

Behaviorism

Question 24

Behaviorists consider development as

Answer 24

Reactive and continuous

Question 25

They hold that human beings at all ages learn about the world the same way other organisms do: by reacting to conditions or aspects of their environment that they find pleasing, painful, or threatening.

Answer 25

Behaviorists

Question 26

was keen on contemplating how processing functions in animals.

Answer 26

Ivan Pavlov

Question 27

assumes that all learning occurs through interactions with the environment and that environment shapes behavior.

Answer 27

Behaviorism

Question 28

stimulus or trigger that leads to an automatic response.

Answer 28

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 29

stimulus that doesn’t initially trigger a response on its own.

Answer 29

Neutral stimulus

Question 30

stimulus that was once neutral (didn’t trigger a response) but now leads to a response

Answer 30

Conditioned stimulus

Question 31

automatic response or a response that occurs without thought when an unconditioned stimulus is present.

Answer 31

Unconditioned response

Question 32

learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before

Answer 32

Conditioned response

Question 33

coined the term “operant conditioning” and wrote about it in his book
“_______” which he co-authored with psychologist Charles B. Ferster.

Answer 33

Bf skinner
Schedules of reinforcement

Question 34

Classical conditioning is based on _________,
operant conditioning involves _____.

The main difference here is that one leads to an ________ (classical) and the other involves a ________ (operant).

Answer 34

A stimuli and response model
A behavior and consequence

Unconscious effect
Conscious choice