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#2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the acronym, DNA, strand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

where in the cell is DNA found

A

nucleus

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3
Q

why is DNA so important to a cell?

A

it contains the instructions to make everything

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4
Q

what are the subunits that nucleic acids are made of

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

what are the sides of a DNA molecule made of?

A

sugars and phosphates

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6
Q

what are the insides/”rungs” of a DNA molecule made of

A

nitrogen bases

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7
Q

what is the name of the sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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8
Q

what is the differences in purines and pyrimidines

A

purines are double ringed pyrimidines are single ringed

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9
Q

what are the 4 nitrogen bases of DNA

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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10
Q

what are the 2 base pairs of DNA

A

purines, pyrimidines

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11
Q

what is the shape of DNA called

A

double helix

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12
Q

what 3 things do nucleotide’s contain

A

5-carbon sugar, phosphates group, nitrogen base

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13
Q

who is credited with discovering DNA’s shape

A

Watson and crick

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14
Q

what is DNA replication

A

the copying of a cells DNA

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15
Q

when does DNA replication occur

A

s phase of interphase

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16
Q

where on DNA does replication begin

A

origin

17
Q

which new DNA strand is made in sections

A

nucleotide

18
Q

what are these sections called

A

leading and lagging

19
Q

describe the semi conservative model of DNA replication

A

the 2 strands of the parental molecule separate and each acts as a template

20
Q

what does the acronym RNA strand for

A

ribonucleic

21
Q

what is the sugar in RNA

A

ribose

22
Q

what are the 4 bases of RNA

A

adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

23
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

amino acids

24
Q

what does mRNA do

A

copies DNA code and carries the genetic information to the ribosome

25
Q

what does tRNA do

A

transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins will be synthesized

26
Q

what rRNA do

A

transports reads DNA and makes ribosomes

27
Q

what are codons

A

3 amino acids put together

28
Q

what are anticodons

A

tRNA codons

29
Q

what are the 2 parts of proteins synthesis

A

transcription and translation

30
Q

which part of protein synthesis happens in the nucleus and makes mRNA from DNA

A

transcription

31
Q

which part of protein synthesis happens in the cytoplasm and uses all 3 types of RNA in order to assemble proteins

A

translation

32
Q

what are introns

A

non functional segments of DNA

33
Q

what are exons

A

segememts of dna that code for protiens

34
Q

what types of RNA processing must be done before mRNA is ready to be used

A

cutting out Introns and the splicing together of the exons adding a cap and tail

35
Q

describe what is happening during elongation of translation

A

as the ribosome moves 2 tRNA with their amino acids move into the A site and P site

36
Q

what is the differences in the A and P sites on the ribosomes

A

P site is for attachment of the tRNA molecule that the growing polypeptide chain attached to it. A site is bringing in new amino acids to the chain

37
Q

what is mutation

A

are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA to the chain

38
Q

what is a mutagen

A

substances or materials that can cause mutations

39
Q

what are examples of mutagens

A

skin cancers luekemia

biology (11 decks)

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