2. 02/09/20

Question 1

How do you read a CTG?

Answer 1

DR- define risk

C- contractions

BRa- baseline rate (110-160)

V-ariability
A–accelerations
D- decelerations
O-overall impression

Question 2

What is Ca125 a prognostic indicator for?

Answer 2

ovarian- mianly

Bowel- secondary

Question 3

What is CEA a tumour marker for

Answer 3

Bowel cancer

Question 4

What is AFP a tumour marker for

Answer 4

liver cancer

Question 5

What tumour markers/adverse prognosis factors are screened for in suspected endometrial cancer?

Answer 5

P53

Absence of mix match repair gene

High BMI

Question 6

How do you calculate the risk of malignancy index in ovarian cancer?

Answer 6

RMI = U x M x CA125

The ultrasound result is scored 1 point for each of the following characteristics:
multilocular cysts,
solid areas,
metastases,
ascites 
bilateral lesions. 

U = 0 (for an ultrasound score of 0), U = 1 (for an ultrasound score of 1), U = 3 (for an ultrasound score of 2–5).

The menopausal status is scored as 1 = pre-menopausal and 3 = post-menopausal

Question 7

What drugs are given to all animal bires?

Answer 7

Co-amoxiclav

Question 8

What are MST granules?

Answer 8

Morphine sulfate- a modified release to allow those who don’t want to take tablets. Lasts longer due to increased release mechanism (long term pain))

Question 9

Provide some examples of anti-emetics

Answer 9

Dopamine antagonists- metoclopramide, haloperidol, domperidone,other antipsychotics

Antihistamines (eg, cyclizine, promethazine)

Serotonin (5HT3) antagonists (eg, ondansetron, tropisetron, granisetron)

Question 10

What is a subtotal hysterectomy?

Answer 10

Sub-total- cervix is left

As opposed to a total hysterectomy where the cervix is removed

Question 11

What do the surgical terms TLH and TAH mean in gynae?

Answer 11

TLH- total laprascopic hysterectomty

TAH- total abdominal hysterectomy

Question 12

What is better a picc line or a central line?

Answer 12

Picc line better than a central line for longevity and infection prevention

Question 13

How do you take blood from a central line?

Answer 13

Pick a port (not the one used for feeding.)
Remove initial blood from port (mark this tube and discard)
Take blood from line
Flush line and lock

Question 14

Why is metoclopramide contraindicated in patients with a stoma?

Answer 14

It increases stoma output

Question 15

Anticholinergics are used to treat the bladder. Discuss the actions of the anticholinergics sulfasalazine and oxybutynin

Answer 15

Salazine- M3 specific anticholinergic.

Oxybutynin- general muscarinic: emotional upset

Question 16

What is a good way of remembering the innervation of the bladder/bowel?

Answer 16

S2,3 and 4 keeps the poo off the floor

Question 17

Why can keeping hydrated solve incotinence

Answer 17

The bladder is able to experience the full emptying and filling cycle

Question 18

A child has fecal and urinary episodes of incontinence. They happen during the day and night. What is the order of treatment?

Answer 18

Fecal
Urinary (daytime)
Urinary (nightime)

Question 19

What is meant by plasty?

Answer 19

Build/re-construct

Question 20

How do you calculate a child’s weight?

Answer 20

(Age+4) x2

Question 21

What are the side effects of opiods?

Answer 21

Pinpoint pupils, N+V, consitpaiton, respiratory depression

Question 22

What fluids are given to children?

Answer 22

Resus: 0.9% Nacl (No K+ or Glu) (weightx20ml)
Maintenece: 0.9% NaCl +5%glu +10mmolK+ (4,2,1)

Question 23

What does hypokalemia look like on an ECG?

Answer 23

Tall tented T waves and a broad QRS.

Visible U waves- more severe

Question 24

How do you tell the difference between a ileostomy and a colostomy?

Answer 24

ileostomy right side- sits off of the skin

Colostomy- left side and sits on the skin

Question 25

How do you describe a mass?

Answer 25

Tenderness
Site
Size
Surface
Shape
Edge
Consistency
Fluid thrill
Pulsatility
Mobility and movement with inspiration
Whether you can get above the mass