2. 02/09/20 Flashcards
How do you read a CTG?
DR- define risk
C- contractions
BRa- baseline rate (110-160)
V-ariability
A–accelerations
D- decelerations
O-overall impression
What is Ca125 a prognostic indicator for?
ovarian- mianly
Bowel- secondary
What is CEA a tumour marker for
Bowel cancer
What is AFP a tumour marker for
liver cancer
What tumour markers/adverse prognosis factors are screened for in suspected endometrial cancer?
P53
Absence of mix match repair gene
High BMI
How do you calculate the risk of malignancy index in ovarian cancer?
RMI = U x M x CA125
The ultrasound result is scored 1 point for each of the following characteristics: multilocular cysts, solid areas, metastases, ascites bilateral lesions.
U = 0 (for an ultrasound score of 0), U = 1 (for an ultrasound score of 1), U = 3 (for an ultrasound score of 2–5).
The menopausal status is scored as 1 = pre-menopausal and 3 = post-menopausal
What drugs are given to all animal bires?
Co-amoxiclav
What are MST granules?
Morphine sulfate- a modified release to allow those who don’t want to take tablets. Lasts longer due to increased release mechanism (long term pain))
Provide some examples of anti-emetics
Dopamine antagonists- metoclopramide, haloperidol, domperidone,other antipsychotics
Antihistamines (eg, cyclizine, promethazine)
Serotonin (5HT3) antagonists (eg, ondansetron, tropisetron, granisetron)
What is a subtotal hysterectomy?
Sub-total- cervix is left
As opposed to a total hysterectomy where the cervix is removed
What do the surgical terms TLH and TAH mean in gynae?
TLH- total laprascopic hysterectomty
TAH- total abdominal hysterectomy
What is better a picc line or a central line?
Picc line better than a central line for longevity and infection prevention
How do you take blood from a central line?
Pick a port (not the one used for feeding.)
Remove initial blood from port (mark this tube and discard)
Take blood from line
Flush line and lock
Why is metoclopramide contraindicated in patients with a stoma?
It increases stoma output
Anticholinergics are used to treat the bladder. Discuss the actions of the anticholinergics sulfasalazine and oxybutynin
Salazine- M3 specific anticholinergic.
Oxybutynin- general muscarinic: emotional upset
What is a good way of remembering the innervation of the bladder/bowel?
S2,3 and 4 keeps the poo off the floor
Why can keeping hydrated solve incotinence
The bladder is able to experience the full emptying and filling cycle
A child has fecal and urinary episodes of incontinence. They happen during the day and night. What is the order of treatment?
Fecal
Urinary (daytime)
Urinary (nightime)
What is meant by plasty?
Build/re-construct
How do you calculate a child’s weight?
(Age+4) x2
What are the side effects of opiods?
Pinpoint pupils, N+V, consitpaiton, respiratory depression
What fluids are given to children?
Resus: 0.9% Nacl (No K+ or Glu) (weightx20ml)
Maintenece: 0.9% NaCl +5%glu +10mmolK+ (4,2,1)
What does hypokalemia look like on an ECG?
Tall tented T waves and a broad QRS.
Visible U waves- more severe
How do you tell the difference between a ileostomy and a colostomy?
ileostomy right side- sits off of the skin
Colostomy- left side and sits on the skin
How do you describe a mass?
Tenderness Site Size Surface Shape Edge Consistency Fluid thrill Pulsatility Mobility and movement with inspiration Whether you can get above the mass