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Geol 11 > 1st LE > Flashcards

1st LE Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of historical geology

A
  1. Paleontology
  2. Stratigraphy
  3. Geochronology
    GPS
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2
Q
  • Physical, chemical and biological laws that also operated in the geologic past
  • Coined by James Hutton
  • “To understand past, we look at the present and relate the two”
A

UNIFORMITARIANISM

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3
Q

the process of growth or increase, typically by the gradual accumulation of additional layers of matter

A

(1) Accretion

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4
Q

A process by which random chunks of primordial matter were transformed into a body whose interior is divided into concentric layers that differ from one another both physically and chemically

A

(2) Differentiation

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5
Q

Temperature of the planet reached and surpassed the melting point of iron (1538 C). Denser elements sink to center; lighter elements float to top

A
  1. Iron Catastrophe
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6
Q

Accretion - Differentiation

A

NEBULA (1) PLANETESIMALS (2) PROTOPLANETS

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7
Q

Most common mineral and rock in mantle

A
  • Perovskite – mineral

- Peridotite – rock type

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8
Q

exposures on the surface of the Earth (lithosphere)

A
  • Ophiolites
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9
Q

foreign rock

A

xenoliths

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10
Q

Discontinuities

A
  1. Mohorovicic Discontinuity – Crust and mantle
  2. Gutenberg Discontinuity – Mantle and Outer Core
  3. Lehmann Discontinuity – Outer and Inner Core
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11
Q

EARTH’S LARGEST SCALE FEATURES
CONTINENTS
s.p

A
  • Young mountain belts – around Pacific Ocean
  • Old mountain belts
  • Shields – made up of mostly crystallized rocks
  • Stable Platforms – shields covered with sedimentary rocks
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12
Q

ISOSTASY model

A

Airy - depth
Pratt-Hayford - i.p density
Vening/flexural - flexes, bends

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13
Q

Convergent
O-O
O-C
C-C

A

island arc
continental volcanic arc
mountain belts

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14
Q

Driving mechanism of plate tectonics

A

slab pull and ridge push

plate-mantle convection

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15
Q 
Silicates
Neso
Ino
Phyllo
Tecto
A
  • single tetrahedra, island, isolated, olivine, garnet
    single chain or double chain, pyroxene, amphibole
    parallel sheets, micas
    three-dimensional, quartz, feldspar
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16
Q

most common silicate in crust

A

feldspar

17
Q

nonsilicates

A

sulfide(galena), sulfate(barite), oxide(hematite, magnetite), halide (evaporating), phosphate(living organism), carbonate (marine life), native element

18
Q

melt field and start of crystallization

A

Liquidus

19
Q

HOW TO MELT ROCKS

A
  1. Decrease in pressure
  2. Increase in temperature
  3. Addition of volatiles
20
Q

Hotspot volcanism –
Rift volcanism –
Subduction zones –

A
  1. Increase in temperature
  2. Decrease in pressure
  3. Addition of volatiles
21
Q
  • Any processes which cause magma composition to change
A

MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION

22
Q
  • When molten body moves up through the “country rock” and dislodges “foreign rock” fragments which then melt and is incorporated to the magma body
A

ASSIMILATION OF HOST ROCK

23
Q

Causes of volcanism

A

influx of new magma, degassing

24
Q

DEGREE OF EXPLOSIVITY

A

EXPLOSIVE – pyroclastic rocks, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, pyroclastic surges, lahars
NON-EXPLOSIVE/EFFUSIVE – lava flows, lava fountains, flood basalt

25
Q

TYPE OF MATERIAL

MAGMATIC – volcanic eruption which involves magma rise only

A
  1. Hawaiian and Icelandic type
  2. Vulcanian type
  3. Strombolian type
  4. Pelean type
  5. Plinian type
26
Q

PHREATOMAGMATIC

A
  1. Surtseyan type

2. Subglacial type

27
Q

PHREATIC – steam

A
  1. Geysers

2. Fumaroles

28
Q

AGE OF ACTIVITY
ACTIVE – erupted within the last *
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE – *
INACTIVE – no historical records or eruption

A

10 000 years

1.65 Ma to 10 ka

29
Q
  • Built almost entirely of fluid lava flows
A

shield

30
Q

mound-shaped protrusion

A

plug domes

31
Q

Visayas, Mindanao

A

Kanlaon, Parker,

Geol 11 (20 decks)

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