1st Exam. Part 13. Surgical Infection & Antibiotic Therapy

Question 1

surgical infection considered as PRIMARY

Answer 1

surgical disease

Question 2

Secondary surgical infections

Answer 2

1) complication from surgical
procedures
2) support procedures
3) breach asepsis
4) implants
5) IV catheter problems can lead to plebitis which could be a source of infection in the animal

Question 3

Classification of Surgical Wounds (4)

Answer 3

1. Clean wounds
2. Clean contaminated wound
3. Contaminated wound
4. Dirty wound

Question 4

elective procedures with no breech on the aseptic technique;

no contamination from the GIT, GUT, RT

no opening of luminal organs

Answer 4

CLEAN wound

Question 5

Non-sterile luminal organs are termed without significant spillage of contents

(i.e. Oral cavity with no severe oral problems but is consider contaminated because of
more exposure to the outside)

Answer 5

Clean Contaminated wounds

Question 6

Presence of obvious contamination

Entry to luminal organs with significant spillage

Traumatic wounds observed for more than 6 hours

(i.e. A tear in the uterus with pyometra)

Answer 6

CONTAMINATED wound

Question 7

Gross infection

Requires antibiotic
therapy, copious lavage (flushing of isotonic
solution, very important),

Debridement, drainage
and banding

(i.e. If uterus with pyometra exploded inside the body cavity)

Answer 7

DIRTY wounds

Question 8

isolating organs from the body using gauze which is inserted below the organ of interest for easier manipulation

Gauze would absorb spillage

Answer 8

Surgical packing

Question 9

When closing the surgical site, change of ____ & ____ is necessary

Answer 9

gloves & instruments

Question 10

This antibiotic therapy clean procedures with the possibility of contamination

clean contaminated wounds

Answer 10

Prophylactic

Question 11

This antibiotic is used in patients with overwhelming infection

Answer 11

Therapeutic

Question 12

Enteral administration (2)

Answer 12

1. Oral
2. Rectal

Question 13

Parenteral administration (3)

Answer 13

1. IM
2. IV
3. SQ

Question 14

Route of administration:
- mouth
- Low plasma level due to FPE
- Undesirable in cases when high antibiotic concentration is needed
- Effected greatly by “First Pass Effect”
- Not preferred for GIT surgery
- Consider looking for drug preparations that would suit animals (I.e bioavailability )

Answer 14

PO / Per Orem

Question 15

Administration wherein:

• right after injection: high plasma, low conc. In wound
• 1-2 hrs after injection : equal in plasma and wound
• 3 hours after: low plasma, high in wound
• causes trauma in some animals
• Duration of action is SHORTER
• Disinfection of injection site is very IMPORTANT

Answer 15

IM

Question 16

IM injection site in GOATS & CATTLE

Answer 16

rump musle

Question 17

IM injection site in DOGS (4)

Answer 17

1) semitendinosus
2) semimembranosus
3) any gluteal muscle
4) triceps

Question 18

IM injection site in PIG

Answer 18

neck area

Question 19

IM injection site in HORSE (4)

Answer 19

1) pecs
2) neck
3) gluteal
4) hamstring muscles

Question 20

Administration wherein:

• slower absorption but has longer effect

Answer 20

Subcutaneous injection

Question 21

In cats, SQ injections are preferably administered
in ___ ___

Answer 21

hind limbs

Question 22

Administration wherein:

• high initial plasma level
• High concentrations in the wound
• Effective healing
• Would need additional equipment, expensive
• Important to drug labels so as not to cause blockage in the IV line that would lead to possible
  plebitis
• Almost one hundred percent bioavailability

Answer 22

Intravenous (IV)

Question 23

Administration wherein:

• direct application: high level in wounds quickly
• Not effective against Clostridium sp.

Answer 23

Topical

Question 23

Administration wherein:

• direct application: high level in wounds quickly
• Not effective against Clostridium sp.

Answer 23

Topical

Question 24

Topical administration is ineffective when applied ___ hours or more after injury

Answer 24

4 hours or more

Question 25

• clients should be made aware how the drugs should be prepared

Answer 25

Preparation (solution or suspension)

Question 26

Why are tablets rarely given to cats?

Answer 26

Esophageal problems

Question 27

Causes for antibiotic failure (6)

Answer 27

1. Inappropriate concentration (dose, frequency, duration)
2. Inappropriate route
3. Inappropriate antibiotic of choice
4. Resistance
5. host immunity
6. Drug antagonism reactions