1st Exam. Part 13. Surgical Infection & Antibiotic Therapy Flashcards
surgical infection considered as PRIMARY
surgical disease
Secondary surgical infections
1) complication from surgical
procedures
2) support procedures
3) breach asepsis
4) implants
5) IV catheter problems can lead to plebitis which could be a source of infection in the animal
Classification of Surgical Wounds (4)
- Clean wounds
- Clean contaminated wound
- Contaminated wound
- Dirty wound
elective procedures with no breech on the aseptic technique;
no contamination from the GIT, GUT, RT
no opening of luminal organs
CLEAN wound
Non-sterile luminal organs are termed without significant spillage of contents
(i.e. Oral cavity with no severe oral problems but is consider contaminated because of
more exposure to the outside)
Clean Contaminated wounds
Presence of obvious contamination
Entry to luminal organs with significant spillage
Traumatic wounds observed for more than 6 hours
(i.e. A tear in the uterus with pyometra)
CONTAMINATED wound
Gross infection
Requires antibiotic
therapy, copious lavage (flushing of isotonic
solution, very important),
Debridement, drainage
and banding
(i.e. If uterus with pyometra exploded inside the body cavity)
DIRTY wounds
isolating organs from the body using gauze which is inserted below the organ of interest for easier manipulation
Gauze would absorb spillage
Surgical packing
When closing the surgical site, change of ____ & ____ is necessary
gloves & instruments
This antibiotic therapy clean procedures with the possibility of contamination
clean contaminated wounds
Prophylactic
This antibiotic is used in patients with overwhelming infection
Therapeutic
Enteral administration (2)
- Oral
- Rectal
Parenteral administration (3)
- IM
- IV
- SQ
Route of administration:
- mouth
- Low plasma level due to FPE
- Undesirable in cases when high antibiotic concentration is needed
- Effected greatly by “First Pass Effect”
- Not preferred for GIT surgery
- Consider looking for drug preparations that would suit animals (I.e bioavailability )
PO / Per Orem
Administration wherein:
- right after injection: high plasma, low conc. In wound
- 1-2 hrs after injection : equal in plasma and wound
- 3 hours after: low plasma, high in wound
- causes trauma in some animals
- Duration of action is SHORTER
- Disinfection of injection site is very IMPORTANT
IM
IM injection site in GOATS & CATTLE
rump musle
IM injection site in DOGS (4)
1) semitendinosus
2) semimembranosus
3) any gluteal muscle
4) triceps
IM injection site in PIG
neck area
IM injection site in HORSE (4)
1) pecs
2) neck
3) gluteal
4) hamstring muscles
Administration wherein:
- slower absorption but has longer effect
Subcutaneous injection
In cats, SQ injections are preferably administered
in ___ ___
hind limbs
Administration wherein:
- high initial plasma level
- High concentrations in the wound
- Effective healing
- Would need additional equipment, expensive
- Important to drug labels so as not to cause blockage in the IV line that would lead to possible
plebitis - Almost one hundred percent bioavailability
Intravenous (IV)
Administration wherein:
- direct application: high level in wounds quickly
- Not effective against Clostridium sp.
Topical
Administration wherein:
- direct application: high level in wounds quickly
- Not effective against Clostridium sp.
Topical
Topical administration is ineffective when applied ___ hours or more after injury
4 hours or more
- clients should be made aware how the drugs should be prepared
Preparation (solution or suspension)
Why are tablets rarely given to cats?
Esophageal problems
Causes for antibiotic failure (6)
- Inappropriate concentration (dose, frequency, duration)
- Inappropriate route
- Inappropriate antibiotic of choice
- Resistance
- host immunity
- Drug antagonism reactions
