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MT6327 > 1S [LEC]: ABO Blood Group System (subgroups + discrepancies) > Flashcards

1S [LEC]: ABO Blood Group System (subgroups + discrepancies) Flashcards

1
Q

A subgroups were described by ___ in ___

A

Von Dungern
1911

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2
Q

T/F: A subgroups are more common than B subgroups

A

True

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3
Q

The source of Anti-A1 lectin reagent

A

Dolichos biflorus

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4
Q

A1 subgroup will react ___ with anti-A1 lectin reagent

A

Positive

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5
Q

A2 subgroup will react ___ with anti-A1 lectin reagent

A

Negative

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6
Q

Antigen/s present in A2 subgroup

A

A antigen only

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7
Q

Antigen/s present in A1 subgroup

A

A & A1

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8
Q

__% of all group A individuals are A1

A

80%

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9
Q

__% of all group A individuals are A2 or weaker subgroups

A

20%

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10
Q

__% of A2 individuals produce anti-A1 in their serum

A

1-8%

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11
Q

__% of A2B individuals produce anti-A1

A

22-35%

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12
Q

A1 antibody is a naturally-occurring ___ cold-reacting antibody

A

IgM

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13
Q

T/F: A1 antibody is likely to cause transfusion reaction

A

False (it usually reacts only at temperatures <37C hence will not react during transfusion)

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14
Q

A1 antibody is clinically significant if reactive at what temperature?

A

37C

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15
Q

Found in greatest concentration on the RBCs of group O individuals

A

H antigen

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16
Q

Which A subgroup has detectable H antigen?

A

A2 (in the presence of an A2 gene, only some of the H antigen is converted to A antigens; the remaining H antigen is detectable on the cell)

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17
Q

Most efficient subgroup to convert the H antigen

A

A1B

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18
Q

Enumerate the ABO blood groups (and subgroups) from greatest amount of H antigen to least amount of H antigen

A

O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B

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19
Q

Seed extracts that agglutinate human cells with some degree of specificity

A

Lectins

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20
Q

Give the source of the lectin:

Anti-H

A

Ules europaeus

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21
Q

Give the source of the lectin:

Anti-A

A

Helix pomatia

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22
Q

Give the source of the lectin:

Anti-A1

A

Dolichos biflorus

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23
Q

Give the source of the lectin:

Anti-B

A

Griffonia simplicifolia

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24
Q

Give the source of the lectin:

Anti-M

A

Iberis amara

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25
Q

Give the source of the lectin:

Anti-N

A

Molucella laevis
Bauhinia purpura

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26
Q

Give the source of the lectin:

Anti-T

A

Arachis hypogaea

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27
Q

Give the source of the lectin:

Anti-Tn

A

Salvia sclaera

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28
Q

The Bombay phenotype was first reported by ___ in ___ (year) in ___ (place)

A

Bhende
1952
Bombay, India

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29
Q

Phenotype that results from inheritance of a double dose of h gene

A

Bombay Phenotype

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30
Q

Inheritance pattern of Bombay Phenotype

A

Autosomal recessive

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31
Q

Phenotype where the RBCs either completely lack H antigens or have small amounts of H antigen present

A

Para-Bombay Phenotype

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32
Q

In Bombay Phenotype, there is a mutation in the ___ (H gene) and ___ (Se gene) producing a silenced gene

33
Q

Occur when unexpected reactions are obtained n the forward and/or reverse grouping

A

ABO discrepancies

34
Q

One of the resolutions in ABO discrepancies is the use of what solution?

A

Saline suspension

35
Q

One of the resolutions in ABO discrepancies is the use of which blood type?

A

O, Rh-compatible RBCs (typically O-)

36
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Weakly reacting or missing antibodies; unexpected reactions in the reverse grouping

A

Group I Discrepancy

37
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

More common

A

Group I Discrepancy

38
Q

In group I discrepancy, if the patient is an elderly individual or has hypogammaglobulinemia, the serum must be incubated with ___ and ___ at RT for 15-30 mins

A

Reagent A1
B cells

39
Q

In group I discrepancy, ___ and ___ must always be tested with reverse typing

A

Auto control
O cell control

40
Q

Small to large agglutinates with unagglutinated cell

A

Mixed-field agglutination

41
Q

Mixed-field agglutination may appear as ___ or ___

A

halo
puff of smoke

42
Q

This type of reaction may be due to patient receiving non-ABO-type specific RBCs, ABO subgroups, bone marrow or HSC transplant

A

Mixed-field agglutination

43
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Probably the least frequently encountered

A

Group II Discrepancy

44
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Caused by weakly reacting or missing antigens

A

Group II Discrepancy

45
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Acquired B phenomenon

A

Group II Discrepancy

46
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Leukemia

A

Group II Discrepancy

47
Q

Resolution of group II discrepancy that could promote antigen-antibody reaction

A

Incubation at RT for 30 mins

48
Q

One of the resolutions of group II discrepancy is testing the patient’s serum or plasma against ___

A

autologous RBCs

49
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Discrepancies between forward and reverse groupings

A

Group III Discrepancy

50
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Caused by protein or plasma abnormalities

A

Group III Discrepancy

51
Q

Stacking of RBCs in a coin-like fashion

52
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Result in rouleaux formation or pseudoagglutination

A

Group III Discrepancy

53
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Caused by elevated levels of globulin from certain disease states

A

Group III Discrepancy

54
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Wharton’s jelly in cord blood samples

A

Group III Discrepancy

55
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

The case of Chimera twins

A

Group I Discrepancy

56
Q

One of the resolutions for group III discrepancy is the ___ to visualize true agglutination

A

Saline replacement technique

57
Q

A reaction where RBC clumping remains after addition of saline

A

True agglutination

58
Q

In the saline replacement technique, the ___ is removed and replaced by an equal volume of saline

59
Q

In group III discrepancy, the cord blood sample is ___ to resolve the discrepancy

A

thoroughly washed (6-8x) with saline

60
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Discrepancies between forward and reverse groupings due to miscellaneous problems

A

Group IV Discrepancy

61
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Caused by cold reactive autoantibodies

A

Group IV Discrepancy

62
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Caused by circulating RBCs of more than one ABO group due to RBC transfusion or marrow/SC transplant

A

Group IV Discrepancy

63
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Caused by ABO isoagglutinins

A

Group IV Discrepancy

64
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Caused by unexpected non-ABO alloantibodies

A

Group IV Discrepancy

65
Q

In group IV discrepancy, the incubation of RBCs is done at 37C and washed with saline thrice. If this is unresolved, the RBCs are treated with ___

A

0.01 M Dithiothreitol (DTT)

66
Q

In group IV discrepancy, ___ and ___ could be performed

A

Cold autoabsorption
Antibody identification panel

67
Q

Give the possible blood type:

[Forward]
Anti-A: 4+
Anti-B: 2+

[Reverse]
A1 Cells: 0
B Cells: 4+

68
Q

Give the possible blood type:

[Forward]
Anti-A: 4+
Anti-B: 4+

[Reverse]
A1 Cells: 2+
B Cells: 2+

69
Q

Give the possible blood type:

[Forward]
Anti-A: 2+
Anti-B: 4+

[Reverse]
A1 Cells: 4+
B Cells: 2+

70
Q

Give the possible blood type:

[Forward]
Anti-A: 4+
Anti-B: 4+

[Reverse]
A1 Cells: 1+
B Cells: 0

71
Q

T/F: A2 antigen usually reacts with Anti-H

72
Q

Antigens missing in Bombay Phenotype

73
Q

Antibodies present in Bombay Phenotype

A

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-H

74
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Newborn/ old age

A

Group I Discrepancy

75
Q

A test for autoantibody and alloantibody

A

Autocontrol

76
Q

Type of ABO discrepancy:

Caused by subgroups

A

Group II Discrepancy

77
Q

Control for forward typing

A

Bovine serum albumin

78
Q

Give the possible blood type:

[Forward]
Anti-A: 0
Anti-B: 0

[Reverse]
A1 Cells: 0
B Cells: 0

A

O (probably an infant or an elderly)

79
Q

Give the possible blood type:

[Forward]
Anti-A: 0
Anti-B: 1+

[Reverse]
A1 Cells: 4+
B Cells: 4+

MT6327 (5 decks)

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