1S [LAB]: Glossary of Terms Flashcards
Note: This DOES NOT include the full list (because the glossary is too long); selected terms only :D
It is a situation when the ABO forward typing result does not agree with the result in backward typing
ABO discrepancy
It is the removal of a specific antibody from a mixture of antibodies using cells of known specificity
Absorption
These are chemical substances added to red cells to extend the shelf life up to 42 days
Additives
It is the production of antibody after antigenic exposure or stimulation
Active immunization
It is a rare condition characterized by the absence of antibodies
Agammaglobulinemia
It is the clumping of particulate antigens with their corresponding specific antibodies
Agglutination
It is an alternative form of a gene occupying a given locus
Allele
It is the process of collecting amniotic fluid
Amniocentesis
It is the albuminous fluid contained in an amniotic sac that provides nutrients to the developing fetud
Amniotic fluid
It is described as the silent gene that does not produce a detectable antigen
Amorph
It is known as secondary immune response, which also refers to the production of antibodies after secondary antigenic exposure
Anamnestic response
It is a severe allergic hypersensitivity reaction brought about by an antibody against IgA seen among IgA-deficient patients exposed to IgA antibody
Anaphylaxis
It occurs before birth
Antenatal
It is also known as immunoglobulin, which refers to a protein substance that is secreted by plasma cells and produced in response to antigenic stimulation
Antibody
Immune antibody against foreign antigen of the same species
Alloantibody
Antibody against its own self-antigens
Autoantibody
Antibody against its own self-antigens
Autoantibody
Also known as unexpected antibody, which refers to an antibody other than the naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B
Atypical antibody
Isoantibodies referred to as anti-A and anti-B
Naturally occurring antibody
Antibody derived from a single clone of antigen
Monoclonal antibody
Antibody derived from more than one antibody-producing plasma cells
Polyclonal antibody
These are reagents used to enhance or speed up antigen-antibody reactions
Antibody potentiators
This is used to detect immune antibodies other than the naturally occurring ones through the use of completely phenotypes group O cells
Antibody screening test
It refers to any foreign substances which, when introduced to the body, stimulates antibody production
Antigen
It describes the relative ability of a substance to illicit immune response
Antigenic
It is the table of phenotyped group O cells showing different antigens used to screen and identify immune antibody
Antigram
It is also known as “Coombs’ serum”
Antihuman globulin reagent (AHG)
It refers to a secondary antibody directed against human IgG or complement
Antihuman globulin reagent (AHG)
AHG that targets either IgG or complement C3
Monospecific AHG
AHG that targets both human IgG and complement C3
Polyspecific AHG
It is a commercially prepared reagent containing an antibody with known specificity
Antiserum
It is used to describe antigens controlled by a pair of allelic genes
Antithetical
It is a method of blood collection in which the whole blood is withdrawn and processed
Apheresis
Apheresis: removal of platelets
Plateletpheresis
Apheresis: removal of leukocytes
Leukapheresis
Apheresis: removal of plasma
Plasmapheresis
It is the process of antibody removal through the use of the patient’s own antigen
Autoabsorption
It refers to testing the patient’s serum for antibody against his/her own red cells
Autocontrol
Autocontrol is abbreviated as ___
PS-PR (patient serum-patient red cell)
It refers to the strength of an antigen-antibody reaction as influenced by characteristic features of the antigen and antibody
Avidity
These are biological substances which pose a threat to the health of living organisms, especially humans
Biohazard
It is an antibody with reactivity occurring in two phases
Biphasic hemolysin
It consists of a single bag or interconnected multiple bags with tubing used in blood donation
Blood bag
It is one of the major divisions in a hospital laboratory that provides safe blood to patients by performing blood screening, grouping, and compatibility testing
Blood bank
These refer to the different cellular and liquid compositions of blood separated by physical means
Blood components
A frozen plasma product that contains all clotting factors, usually administered to patients with clotting factor deficiencies other than hemophilia A, VWF, and hypofibrinogenemia
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
It is a red cell component prepared by separating the plasma from whole blood unit resulting in a hematocrit level of approximately 80%
Packed RBC
It consists of platelets removed from unrefrigerated fresh whole blood and stored for transfusion
Platelet concentrate
It is a platelet concentrate containing about 3.0 x 10^11 platelets obtained by apheresis
Single platelet concentrate
Amount of platelet in a single platelet concentrate
3.0 x 10^11
Amount of platelet in a random platelet concentrate
5.5 x 10^10
It is a platelet concentrate containing at least 5.5 x 10^10 platelets obtained manually by centrifugation
Random platelet concentrate
It is a concentrated coagulated factor VIII and factor I (fibrinogen) extracted from fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Components of cryoprecipitate
coagulated factor VIII and factor I (fibrinogen)
It is the blood component which includes prothrombin complexes, factor XIII, and factor VII; that is most commonly indicated in trauma, liver disease, and oral anticoagulant toxicity
Factor concentrate
Offer a rapid and relatively easy method of improving coagulation stability without the risk of FFP transfusion, volume load, or infectious complications
Factor concentrate
Coagulation factors present in a factor concentrate
Factors XIII, and VII
These are erythrocytes that are treated with a cryoprotective agent and subsequently kept in freezing temperature
Frozen red cells
These are erythrocytes that are treated by a solution which restores 2,3-DPG and ATP to at least normal levels
Rejuvenated cells
It is the application of physical mean such as refrigerated centrifugation to separate the different cellular and liquid compositions of whole blood
Blood component preparation
It is a manual blood component preparation that limits the used of blood and its components within 24 ours after exposure of the blood to open air
Open system
It is a blood component preparation that usually requires the refrigerated centrifuge
Closed system
It limits the used of blood and its components to a longer period up to the expiration date due to a sterile intact blood bag system
Closed system
It is a filter device attached to a blood or blood component unit and designed to retain unwanted cells, blood clots, or debris
Blood filter
These are soluble antigens present in fluids that can be used to neutralize their corresponding antibodies
Blood group specific soluble substances (BGSSs)
Blood group systems that demonstrate BGSSs
ABO, Lewis, P
This is the test used to determine a blood group system
Blood typing
It is a device used in warming blood stored at refrigerator temperature at 4C-6C to body temperature before infusion
Blood warmer
It is the failure of an individual to express inherited A or B genes because of the lack of H gene
Bombay phenotype (O^h)
It is the main soluble protein in the serum of the cattle that is often used as an enzymatically inter protein or a negative control
Bovine serum albumin
It is the most preferred method used for crossmatching that includes three phases: immediate spin, thermophase, and AHG phase
Broad spectrum compatibility test
It is a condition producing two cell populations in an individual
Chimerism
It is a rare condition characterized by the difficulty of the phagocytic cells to generate superoxide radicals needed in killing ingested pathogens
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
These are substances present in the plasma, which are involved in the clotting process
Coagulation factor
Coagulation factor 1
Fibrinogen
Coagulation factor 2
Prothrombin
Coagulation factor 3
Tissue factor
Coagulation factor 4
Calcium
Coagulation factor 5
Proaccelerin
Coagulation factor 6
Activated factor 5
Coagulation factor 7
Proconvertin
Coagulation factor 8
Antihemophilic factor A
Coagulation factor 9
Christmas factor
Coagulation factor 10
Stuart-Prower factor
Coagulation factor 11
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
Coagulation factor 12
Hageman factor
Coagulation factor 13
Fibrin-stabilizing factor
It is a sequence of three bases in DNA strand that provides the genetic code for a specific amino acid
Codon
It is a batch of tests including ABO and Rh grouping, screening of serum for alloantibodies, and crossmatching
Compatibility testing
It is serologically inactive when mixed
Compatible
It is a complex of plasma proteins
Complement
It is the transfusion of specific components rather than whole blood to treat a patient
Component therapy
These are antibody-coated cells used to confirm negative results obtained in direct and indirect antihuman globulin tests
Coombs’ control/ check cells
These are blood-containing stem cells which are taken from the umbilical cord after childbirth
Cord cells
It is a computed value used to evaluate the effectiveness of platelet transfusion
Corrected count increment (CCI)
It is the process of exchanging genetic material between two homologous pairs of chromosomes
Crossing over
It is the testing of the patient’s blood against the donor’s blood
Crossmatch
It is a type of crossmatch that involves mixing the patient’s serum and the donor’s red blood cells
Major crossmatch (PS-DR)
It is a type of crossmatch that involves mixing the patient’s blood cells and the donor’s serum
Minor crossmatch (PR-DS)
It is a process of mixing the recipient’s serum with the donor’s red blood cells and centrifuging immediately
Immediate crossmatch
It uses type and screen method coupled with immediate spin
Abbreviated crossmatch
These are substances that are added to erythrocytes to protect them against the harmful effects of freezing temperature
Cryoprotective agent
These are hidden receptors that may be exposed when normal erythrocyte membrane are altered by bacterial or viral enzyme
Cryptantigens
It is the process of removing glycerol from a unit of RBCs after thawing to return them to normal osmolality
Deglycerolization
These are frozen red cells whose glycerol has been removed by several washing
Deglycerolized red cells
It is a plasma expander that may be used as a substitute for plasma
Dextran
It is a sulfhydryl compound used to break down disulfide bonds of IgM
Dithiotreitol (DTT)
It is a biphasic IgG specifically directed to anti-P found in patients with PNH
Donath-Landsteiner antibody
It is the process of giving blood to a recipient
Donation
This refers to an individual who gives blood in a blood donation
Donor
This refers to a donor who gives blood on his/her own volition
Voluntary blood donor
This refers to a donor who gives blood for monetary compensation
Paid blood donor
This refers to a donor who is in the list of qualified voluntary donors and is fit to donate anytime in the community
Walking blood donor
It is a phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts more strongly with red blood cells showing double does of antigens than those with single dose
Dosage
It is the product of deliberate manipulation of a red cell suspension to break an immune complex with subsequent release of the antibody into the surrounding medium
Eluate
It is a process whereby cells that are coated with antibodies are treated in such a manner as to disrupt the bonds between the antigen and antibody
Elution
It is a substance capable of catalyzing a reaction
Enzyme
It is an immunologic incompatibility between the mothed and the fetus that can produce severe or fatal consequences to the unborn or newborn infant due to the destruction of RBCs
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Erythroblastosis fetalis is also known as ___
Hydrops fetalis or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
It refers to the replacement of an infant’s coated RBCs with donor blood until one or two total blood volumes are accomplished
Exchange transfusion
It refers to the activity in which a person is likely to get a foreign substance
Exposure
It is a transfusion reaction caused by leukoagglutinins characterized by fever
Febrile reaction
It refers to the transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism
Fetomaternal hemorrhage
It is a filamentous clot formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen
Fibrin
Fibrinolysin is also referred to as ___
Plasmin
A substance that has the ability to dissolve fibrin
Fibrinolysin
It is the process of dissolving fibrin
Fibrinolysis
It is a type of large glycoprotein found on the surface of cells which mediates cellular adhesion
Fibronectin
It is one of the five types of immunoglobulin known to be involved in immunity; produced during the second immune response
Gamma globulin
The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located
Gene locus
Any of several related proteins that can project through the thickness of the cell membrane of erythrocytes
Glycophorin
A condition characterized by markedly decreased leukocytes in the blood
Granulocytopenia
A condition in which a patient has a shortened red blood cell survival associated with hemolysis mediated by humoral antibody
Immune hemolytic anemia
Refers to the continuous red blood cell destruction leading to anemia due to the presence of autoantibodies directed against the patient’s own red blood cells
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
The red blood cell destruction due to drug-induced production of an autoantibody that recognized red blood cell antigens
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
Red blood cell destruction due to the presence of alloantibodies to foreign red cell antigens introduced to the circulation through transfusion or pregnancy
Alloimmune hemolytic anemia
The test performed on a maternal blood specimen to detect fetal maternal hemorrhage
Kleihauer-Betke acid elution test
It states that the ABO antibodies are present in plasma/serum when the corresponding ABO blood antigens are not present on the erythrocytes
Landsteiner’s law
It is the combination of antibody and a multivalent antigen to form cross links that result in a visible agglutination reaction
Lattice formation
It is a graph used to predict the severity of HDN during pregnancy by evaluating the amniotic fluid
Liley graph
It is the location of a gene on a chromosome
Locus
The replacement of one or more blood volumes within 24-hour interval
Massive transfusion
Cells that usually demonstrate mixed field reaction
A3 cells, Sda cells
It is the term for a woman having borne more than one child
Multiparous
A malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow characterized by abnormal proteins in the plasma and urine
Multiple myeloma
The fusion of a malignant and normal cell that produces large quantities of monoclonal antibodies
Murine hybridoma
A group of sugars found on the RBC membrane attached to a protein backbone
NANA (sialic acid)
An enzyme that cleaves sialic acid from the RBC membrane
Neuramidase
The spontaneous clumping of RBC against a given serum
Panagglutination
The group O reagent RBC that are used for antibody identification
Panel cell
Refers to a woman who has had at least one pregnancy
Primiparous
The chance that the alleged father is the biological father
Paternity index
The extra blood sample collected during whole blood donation from a donor and which is intended for serological test
Pilot tube
Products that are transfused in patients suffering from hypovolemia or indicated among burn and shock patients
Plasma volume expanders
A condition of decreased plasma volume
Hypovolemia
The inability of the patient to respond favorably after platelet transfusion; thus, the desired increment in platelet is not achieved
Platelet refractoriness
Identify the plasma derived volume expander:
96% albumin + 4% globulin
Normal serum albumin (NSA)
Identify the plasma derived volume expander:
83% albumin + 17% globulin
Plasma protein fraction (PPF)
The spontaneous agglutination of red cells by most normal adult sera regardless of blood group
Polyagglutination
A positively-charged polymer that reduces zeta potential by neutralizing the negative charge in red cell
Polybrene
Useful in the identification of antibodies in the Kidd blood group system
Polybrene
Enhances antigen-antibody reaction by concentrating antibody in the mixture through removal of water
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
A system of procedures that ensures a laboratory is operating with the most minimal errors
Quality assurance
The close monitoring of laboratory operations to allow maximum reliability transfusion
Quality control
The disease of unknown cause most frequently seen among premature infants characterized by acute difficulty in breathing
Respiratory distress syndrome
Respiratory distress syndrome is formerly known as ___
Hyaline membrane disease
Used to determine fetomaternal hemorrhage based on the ability of fetal cells to aggregate around indicator cells
Rosette test
Additional bags attached to the primary bag generally intended for component preparation
Satellite bags
The group O cells with complete profile of antigens used in antibody detection
Screening cells
The process of allowing interaction or attachment of an incomplete antibody to red cell antigen but there is no subsequent agglutination reaction seen
Sensitization
A chemical preservative used in commercial typing sera to prevent bacterial contamination
Sodium azide (0.1%)
The biochemical change happening to blood upon in vitro storage
Storage lesion
Refers to the boundary of the ionic cloud surrounding RBC in saline at which zeta potential is measured
Surface of shear (slipping plane)
A reagent that can be used to disperse agglutination caused by cold reactive IgM autoantibodies
Thiol reagent
A batch test that includes ABO, Rh, and antibody screening test
Type and screen (T/S)
The vascular skin reaction commonly signaling allergic reaction
Urticaria (hives)
The plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by excessive production of IgM
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
The period of time when the disease is present but tested serologically negative
Window period
A soluble haptenic forms of A ad B antigens capable of neutralizing their corresponding antibodies
Witebsky substance
The blood group whose genes are located in the X-chromosome
Xg blood group
A mixture of 0.1M dithiothreitol plus 0.1% cysteine-activated papain used to dissociate IgG molecules from erythrocytes showing a positive DAT reaction
ZZAP
