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Biomedicine (Semester II) > 19. Pharmacology - Drug Types > Flashcards

19. Pharmacology - Drug Types Flashcards

1
Q

Antacids: brand names

A

Gaviscon

Mucogel

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2
Q

Antacids: indications

A

Dyspepsia

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3
Q

Antacids: mechanism

A

Neutralise stomach acid (alkaline)

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4
Q

Antacids: adverse effects

A

Overuse of antacids - acid rebound indigestion
Reduced absorption of nutrients from food
Bloating - carbonate produces CO2
Reduced GIT immune defence

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5
Q

H2-Receptor Antagonists: brand name

A

Ranitidine (Zantac)

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6
Q

H2-Receptor Antagonists: indications

A

Ulcer healing

GORD

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7
Q

H2-Receptor Antagonists: mechanism

A

Used to block the action of histamine on parietal cells in the stomach, decreasing the production of acid by these cells

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8
Q

H2-Receptor Antagonists: adverse effects

A 
Liver and/or kidney-impaired patients - drugs can compromise detoxification pathways
Headaches
Diarrhoea
Rashes
Fatigue
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9
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): brand names

A

Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
(-zole)

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10
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): indications

A

GORD
Peptic ulcers
Preventing NSAID-associated ulceration
Eradicate helicobacter with antibiotics

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11
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): mechanism

A

Blocks the proton pumps (hydrogen pumps) in the gastric lining thus reducing stomach acidity

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12
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): contraindications

A

Liver disease

Pregnancy

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13
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): adverse effects

A 
Gastric cancer (masking symptoms)
Constipation
Abdominal pain
Headaches
Dizziness
Anaemia (HCI converts iron to soluble form)
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14
Q

Antispasmodics: brand name

A

Buscopan (Hyoscine)

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15
Q

Antispasmodics: mechanism

A

Inhibit intestinal smooth muscle depolarisation by blocking acetylcholine receptors (anti-cholinergic)

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16
Q

Antispasmodics: adverse effects

A

Constipation
Palpitations
Reduced bronchial secretions
Urinary retention

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17
Q

Anti-Motility Drugs: brand names

A

Codeine phosphate

Loperamide (Imodium)

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18
Q

Anti-Motility Drugs: indications

A

Uncomplicated, acute diarrhoea in adults

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19
Q

Anti-Motility Drugs: mechanism

A

Loperamide acts on opioid receptors in the intestinal muscles, which reduces peristalsis

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20
Q

Anti-Motility Drugs: contraindications

A

Do not use if diarrhoea cause is infectious e.g. dysentery

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21
Q

Anti-Motility Drugs: adverse effects

A

Nausea
Constipation
Drowsiness

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22
Q

Anti-Motility Drugs: cautions

A

In dehydration, fluid/electrolyte replacement is the primary concern
Reduced peristalsis = more time for electrolytes and fluid to be re-absorbed

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23
Q

Corticosteroids: brand names

A

Prednisolone

Hydrocortisone

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24
Q

Corticosteroids: indications

A

Inflammatory condition e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune diseases (RA, lupus, MS)

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25
Q

Corticosteroids: mechanism

A

Switches off multiple inflammatory genes - cytokines, inflammatory mediators etc

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26
Q

Corticosteroids: adverse effects

A 
Suppress immunity
Oral thrush
Indigestion
Insomnia
Mood changes (aggressive, irritable)
Thinning of skin
Osteoporosis
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Diabetes mellitus
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27
Q

Corticosteroids: cautions

A

If stop suddenly = adrenal cortical insufficiency

In excess = Cushing’s

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28
Q

Laxative - Bulk-Forming: brand names

A

Fybogel

Normacol

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29
Q

Laxative - Bulk-Forming: mechanism

A

Increase faecal mass to stimulate peristalsis

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30
Q

Laxative - Bulk-Forming: administration

A

Must be taken with water

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31
Q

Laxative - Stimulant: brand names

A

Senna

Senokot

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32
Q

Laxative - Stimulant: mechanism

A

Irritate intestinal lining and promote histamine release, increasing intestinal motility

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33
Q

Laxative - Stimulant: adverse effects

A

May cause diarrhoea
Flatulence
Hypokalaemia

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34
Q

Laxative - Stimulant: cautions

A

Short term use only
Address cause
Senna can irritate the colon and long-term use has been linked to colon cancer

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35
Q

Laxative - Osmotic: brand names

A

Lactulose

Magnesium salts

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36
Q

Laxative - Osmotic: mechanism

A

Contains sodium ions which attract water into colon by drawing fluid from the body or retaining fluid

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37
Q

Laxative - Osmotic: adverse effects

A

Colic

Lazy bowel

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38
Q

Laxative - Osmotic: cautions

A

Magnesium salts are often abused and may cause dehydration

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39
Q

Cardiac Glycosides: brand names

A

Digoxin

Lanoxin

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40
Q

Cardiac Glycosides: indications

A

Atrial fibrillation
Heart failure
Also increases GFR

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41
Q

Cardiac Glycosides: mechanism

A

Increase myocardium force of contraction by increasing Ca influx into the heart muscle (reduces HR, increases force)

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42
Q

Cardiac Glycosides: interactions

A

Ca - agonistic - increases effect

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43
Q

Cardiac Glycosides: adverse effects

A

NVD
Anorexia
Abdominal pain
Visual disturbances

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44
Q

Cardiac Glycosides: cautions

A

Low Mg, Ca, K increases toxicity

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45
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers: brand name

A

Amlodipine

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46
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers: indications

A

Angina

Hypertension

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47
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers: mechanism

A

Blocks influx of calcium to heart and vascular smooth muscle

Dual effect - heart contraction force is reduced and coronary artery/peripheral arterioles dilate (lowers BP)

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48
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers: adverse effects

A 
NVD
Dizziness
Headaches
Fatigue
Oedema
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49
Q

Diuretics: brand names

A

Furosemide

Bendroflumethiazide

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50
Q

Diuretics: indications

A 
Hypertension
Pulmonary oedema
Chronic heart failure
General oedema
Kidney/liver diseases
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51
Q

Diuretics: mechanism

A

Reduces reuptake of primary filtrate from different regions of the nephron = decreases blood volume and pressure

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52
Q

Diuretics: adverse effects

A

Mineral loss - hypokalaemia (weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, palpitations, hallucinations)

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53
Q

Beta Blockers: brand name

A

Atenolol

-ol

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54
Q

Beta Blockers: indications

A

Hypertension
Angina
Arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation

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55
Q

Beta Blockers: mechanism

A

Cardio-selective - targets beta-1 receptors only
Blocks the action of beta receptors mostly in the myocardium - antagonise sympathetic nervous system
Lowers HR/BP
Causes vasodilation

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56
Q

Beta Blockers: adverse effects

A 
Fatigue
Sexual dysfunction
Cold extremities
Hypotension
Sleep disturbance
Psoriasis exacerbation
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57
Q

Beta Blockers: caution

A

May weaken heart in long term

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58
Q

ACE Inhibitors: brand name

A

Ramipril

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59
Q

Angiotensin II Antagonists: brand names

A

Losartan

Irbesartan

60
Q

ACE Inhibitors: mechanism

A

Stops the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II - a vasoconstrictor

61
Q

Angiotensin II Antagonists: mechanism

A

Blocks receptors stopping the action of angiotensin II

62
Q

ACE Inhibitors/Angiotensin II Antagonists: adverse effects

A

Hypotension
Persistent dry cough (due to rise in bradykinin)
NVD
Reduces glomerular filtration (esp in renal impairment
Hyperkalaemia (due to aldosterone inhibition)

63
Q

ACE Inhibitors/Angiotensin II Antagonists: caution

A

Often need to use diuretic at same time

64
Q

Nitrates: brand name

A

Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)

65
Q

Nitrates: indications

A

Angina pectoris

66
Q

Nitrates: mechanism

A

Dissolves in the blood as nitrous oxide (NO) which is a rapid, potent vasodilator

67
Q

Nitrates: caution

A

Tolerance develops rapidly in continual use

68
Q

Nitrates: administration

A

Sublingual (spray)

69
Q

Anti-Coagulants: brand names

A

Heparin
Warfarin
Aspirin

70
Q

Anti-Coagulants: indications

A

DVT
Pulmonary embolism
TIAs

71
Q

Anti-Coagulants: mechanism

A

Inhibits synthesis of four clotting factors

72
Q

Anti-Coagulants: interactions

A

Gingko
Ginger
Fish oils
Vit E

73
Q

Anti-Coagulants: cautions - warfarin/aspirin

A

Must be closely monitored (used as rat poison)

74
Q

Anti-Coagulants: cautions - heparin

A

Quick action

Short duration

75
Q

Anti-Coagulants: administration - warfarin/aspirin

A

Oral

76
Q

Anti-Coagulants: administration - heparin

A

Parenteral (injected)

77
Q

Statins: brand name

A

Simvastatin

78
Q

Statins: indications

A

Hypercholesterolaemia

79
Q

Statins: when prescribed/mechanism

A

Prescribed when there’s a 20% risk of a CV event - includes all diabetics >40
Inhibits an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase)

80
Q

Statins: adverse effects

A 
Insomnia
Dizziness
Fatigue - due to depletion of CoQ10
Headaches - due to depletion of CoQ10
Liver damage
Gastro-intestinal effects
Muscle aches
81
Q

Statins: cautions

A

Often combined with anti-hypertensives, aspirin, diabetes management and/or diet/lifestyle

High insulin stimulates the action of enzyme HMG-CoA reductase so diabetics often have high cholesterol

Links to dementia due to the loss of cholesterol in brain

The same enzyme that makes cholesterol is the same enzyme that makes CoQ10
Statins can deplete CoQ10 levels leading to muscle pain

82
Q

Statins: administration

A

100mg CoQ10 per day

83
Q

Bronchodilators: brand names

A

Salbutamol (Ventolin) - immediate action/short duration
Salmeterol - delayed action, longer duration
Not to be used in acute attack

84
Q

Bronchodilators: indications

A

Symptomatic relief of bronchoconstriction

85
Q

Bronchodilators: mechanism

A

Acts on beta-2 receptors in the lungs (beta-2 agonists)

Stimulation of these receptors causes bronchodilation

86
Q

Bronchodilators: adverse effects

A 
Tremor
Anxiety
Headache
Palpitations
Muscle cramping
87
Q

Bronchodilators: administration

A

Inhaler

88
Q

Steroid Inhalers: brand names

A

Becotide (brown inhaler)

Symbicort inhaler

89
Q

Steroid Inhalers: indications

A 
Asthma prophylaxis (preventative)
COPD
90
Q

Steroid Inhalers: mechanism

A

Reduces airway inflammation, oedema and mucus secretion

91
Q

Steroid Inhalers: adverse effects

A

Adrenal suppression (Addison’s)
Oral candidiasis
Respiratory tract infections

92
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists: indications

A

Non-steroidal asthma prophylaxis

93
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists: mechanism

A

Blocks a chemical reaction that can lead to inflammation

94
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists: adverse effects

A

NVD (fewer than steroids)

95
Q

Antihistamines: brand name (non-sedating)

A

Clarityn (Loratadine)

96
Q

Antihistamines: brand name (sedating)

A

Piriton, Benadryl

cross the BBB

97
Q

Antihistamines: adverse effects (non-sedating)

A

Myalgia (muscle pain)

98
Q

Antihistamines: adverse effects (sedating)

A

Drowsiness

Anti-muscarinic (urinary retention, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision)

99
Q

Anxiolytics: brand names

A

Diazepam (Valium)

Lorazepam

100
Q

Anxiolytics: indications

A

Muscle relaxant
Minimising drug withdrawal
Severe/disabling insomnia/anxiety (short term only)

101
Q

Anxiolytics: mechanism

A

Acts on GABA receptors - inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter

102
Q

Anxiolytics: adverse effects

A 
Highly addictive
Drowsiness/confusion
Muscle weakness
Paradoxical effects
Dependence
Tolerance/dependence
Withdrawal causes anxiety
Insomnia
Anorexia
Tremor
Perspiration
Tinnitus
Perceptual disturbance
Hallucinations
Paranoia
103
Q

Anti-Depressants: brand names/classes

A

Citalopram
Amitriptyline

Classes include:
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Tricyclic anti-depressants

104
Q

Anti-Depressants: indications

A

Chronic and major depression (not acute depression)

105
Q

Anti-Depressants: adverse effects

A 
Suppression
Nausea
Vomiting
Low sex drive
Blurred vision
GIT upset
Feeling agitated or shaky
Sleep disturbance
Loss of appetite
106
Q

Analgesics: brand names

A

Non-opioid (act peripherally) - aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen
Opioid (act on pathway in CNS) - codeine, morphine

107
Q

Analgesics: mechanism

A

Painkillers - they modulate pain perception

108
Q

Analgesics: adverse effects

A

GIT bleeding
Low stomach acidity
Liver disease

109
Q

Anti-Microbials: indications

A

Bacterial infections
Fungal infections
Viral infections

110
Q

Anti-Microbials: brand names (anti-bacterial)

A

Broad/narrow spectrum antibiotics - penicillin

111
Q

Anti-Microbials: brand names (anti-fungal)

A

Systemic - fluconazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole

Non-systemic

112
Q

Anti-Microbials: brand names (anti-viral)

A

Acyclovir - inhibits viral replication

113
Q

Anti-Microbials: cautions

A

Anti-virals - quite toxic

114
Q

Diabetic Drugs: brand names

A

Insulin

Metformin

115
Q

Diabetic Drugs: indications

A

Insulin - mostly T1
Metformin - mostly T2
Insulin resistance

116
Q

Diabetic Drugs: mechanism

A

Metformin - increases cell sensitivity to insulin and lowers glycaemic levels

117
Q

Diabetic Drugs: adverse effects

A

Elevates homocysteine - linked to breast cancer
Nausea
Loss of appetite

118
Q

Diabetic Drugs: cautions

A

Increased homocysteine can be damaging to blood vessels

Leads to atherosclerosis

119
Q

Diabetic Drugs: administration

A

Injection - insulin

Oral - metformin

120
Q

Thyroid Drugs: brand names

A

Hypothyroidism - Thyroxine

Hyperthyroidism - Carbimazole

121
Q

Thyroid Drugs

A

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

122
Q

Thyroid Drugs: mechanism (Thyroxine)

A

Replaces lack of thyroid hormone

123
Q

Thyroid Drugs: mechanism (Carbimazole)

A

Prevents the conversion of iodine to its useable form

Blocks the combination of converted iodine with other components to form thyroid hormones

124
Q

Hormones: brand name (masculination reduction)

A

Androcur

125
Q

Hormones: indications (Androcur)

A

Used to treat masculinisation in women e.g. PCOS

126
Q

Hormones: mechanism (Androcur)

A

Contains active ingredient cyproterone which reduces testosterone production

127
Q

Chemotherapy: drug type

A

Cytotoxic drugs

128
Q

Chemotherapy: mechanism

A

Interferes with cell cycle, triggering cell death (apoptosis) in rapidly dividing cells

129
Q

Chemotherapy: adverse effects

A 
Very toxic
Cancer
Bone marrow suppression (anaemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)
GIT ulceration
Skin ulceration/burns
Hair loss
130
Q

Chemotherapy: cautions

A

All kills healthy cells

131
Q

Tamoxifen: indications

A

Breast cancer - only hormonally driven (oestrogen positive)

132
Q

Tamoxifen: mechanism

A

Blocks oestrogen receptors

133
Q

Tamoxifen: adverse effects

A 
Mimics menopause
Uterine fibroids
Visual disturbance
Liver enzyme elevation
Osteoporosis
134
Q

NSAIDs: brand name

A

Ibuprofen (half life 2-3hrs)
Diclofenac
Aspirin

135
Q

NSAIDs: indication

A

Pain relief - mild to moderate

136
Q

NSAIDs: mechanism

A

Inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX), therefore inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis

137
Q

NSAIDs: contraindication

A

IBD

138
Q

NSAIDs: adverse effects

A 
Damage to gut lining - prostaglandins play crucial role in synthesis of gastric mucus
Provides barrier against acidity
No mucus = ulcer = bleeding = anaemia
Liver damage
Immune suppression
139
Q

NSAIDs: cautions

A

Diclofenac - increases risk of CVD

140
Q

NSAIDs: administration

A

Tablet

Gel onto skin

141
Q

Gout Drugs: brand name (preventative)

A

Allopurinol

142
Q

Gout Drugs: brand name (acute attacks)

A

Colchicine

143
Q

Gout Drugs: mechanism (Allopurinol)

A

Inhibits enzyme ‘xanthine oxidase’ that turns purines into uric acid
Also decreases endogenous purine synthesis

144
Q

Gout Drugs: mechanism (Colchicine)

A

Inhibits urate crystal deposition

145
Q

Gout Drugs: caution

A

Colchicine - very toxic

Biomedicine (Semester II) (20 decks)

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