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Biomedicine (Semester II) > 17. Oncology - Types of cancers > Flashcards

17. Oncology - Types of cancers Flashcards

1
Q

Lung Cancer: peak incidence

A

60-70 yrs

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2
Q

Lung Cancer: epidemiology

A

More common in men - 3:1

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3
Q

Lung Cancer: 5 year survival rate

A

15%

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4
Q

Lung Cancer: secondary to which cancers?

A

Colorectal

Prostate

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5
Q

Lung Cancer: aetiology

A

90% - due to smoking

COPD

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6
Q

Lung Cancer: signs and symptoms

A 
Dry and persistent cough
Dyspnoea 
Chest pain
Weight loss
Voice hoarseness
Blood in sputum
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7
Q

Lung Cancer: diagnostics

A

X-ray
CT scan
FBC
Sputum culture

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8
Q

Colorectal Cancer: peak incidence

A

Common over 50 yrs old

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9
Q

Colorectal Cancer: metastasis locations

A

Liver
Lungs
Brain
Bone

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10
Q

Colorectal Cancer: 5 year survival rate

A

93% (stage 1);

3% (stage 4)

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11
Q

Colorectal Cancer: aetiology

A

Strong link with diet high in non-organic meat, low fibre, lack of vit D
Polyps
Family history

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12
Q

Colorectal Cancer: signs and symptoms

A

Fluctuating bowel habits (constipation/diarrhoea)
Blood (and mucus) in stools
Abdominal pain

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13
Q

Colorectal Cancer: diagnostics

A 
Colonoscopy, biopsy
Stool analysis (occult blood and M2PK - tumour marker found in stools)
Blood test (CEA (tumour marker), inflammatory markers, low Hb)
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14
Q

Breast Cancer: characteristics

A

Ductal or lobular
Most breast lumps are benign
Benign tumours - mobile, smooth, regular borders
Fibrocystic breast disease - breast pain, tender masses, nodules - usually pre-menstrual

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15
Q

Breast Cancer: pathophysiology

A

Breast cancer cells contain receptors that hormones or other proteins bind to that promote tumour growth
Oestrogen receptors - 80%
Also progesterone and epidermal growth factor receptors
If none of these receptor types present, the cancer is triple negative

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16
Q

Breast Cancer: aetiology

A

Family history and age
Genetic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2
Obesity - increase of IGF-1
Regular alcohol intake and smoking
Oestrogen excess - early menarche/late menopause/OCP/HRT
Aluminium/parabens - mimic oestrogen
BPA - chemical in plastics - mimics oestrogen

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17
Q

Breast Cancer: signs and symptoms

A 
Asymptomatic usually
Painless, unilateral fixed lump
Overlying skin changes e.g. dimpling, orange peel appearance
Inverted/discharging nipple
Enlarged axillary lymph nodes
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18
Q

Breast Cancer: diagnostics

A

Mammography

Thermography

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19
Q

Breast Cancer: complications

A

Metastatic spread via lymphatics

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20
Q

Ovarian Cancer: epidemiology

A

Mostly affects women over 40 yrs

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21
Q

Ovarian Cancer: aetiology

A

Family history and age
Genetic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2
Oestrogen excess - early menarche/late menopause/OCP/HRT
Infertility/never given birth
Poor lifestyle: exercise, smoking, obesity
Diet rich in animal fats
Talcum powder used between legs

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22
Q

Ovarian Cancer: signs and symptoms

A

Early stage asymptomatic
Vague abdominal discomfort/bloating
Abdominal mass with pelvic pain
75% present with advance disease

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23
Q

Ovarian Cancer: diagnostics

A

Ultrasound
CT/MRI
Blood test - CA-125

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24
Q

Ovarian Cancer: 5 year survival rate

A

38%

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25
Q

Cervical Cancer: epidemiology

A

Most common in young women - 25-35 yrs

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26
Q

What percentage of female cancers does cervical cancer form?

A

20% of all cancers

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27
Q

Cervical Cancer: aetiology

A

Persistent HPV infection (16+18 cause 70%)
Sexual behaviour (multiple partners, younger age)
Smoking
COCP

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28
Q

Cervical Cancer: signs and symptoms

A

Non-specific symptoms
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Vaginal discharge
White/red patches on cervix

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29
Q

Cervical Cancer: diagnostics

A

Screening - detects 30% - smear test
Biopsy
MRI/CT scan

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30
Q

Cervical Cancer: allopathic treatment

A

Surgery - hysterectomy (preferred up to stage 2)

Chemo-radiotherapy

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31
Q

Liver Cancer: types of

A

Primary - if from liver cirrhosis

Secondary - if spread from elsewhere

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32
Q

Liver Cancer: aetiology

A

Associated with liver cirrhosis
Alcohol, toxins = necrosis = chronic inflammation and cell proliferation (turnover)
Hepatitis B/C = viral integration into host genome affecting DNA

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33
Q

Liver Cancer: signs and symptoms

A 
In advanced stages:
Jaundice
Ascites
Hepatomegaly
Pruritus (itchy skin)
Bleeding oesophageal varices (secondary to portal hypertension)
Loss of appetite
Feeling very full after eating
Nausea/vomiting
Pain or swelling in the abdomen
Fatigue and weakness
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34
Q

Liver Cancer: allopathic treatment

A

Surgery - transplant

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35
Q

Liver Cancer: epidemiology

A

Common in men, peak around 60s

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36
Q

Gastric Cancer: epidemiology

A

Male 55 yrs+
2nd highest cause of cancer-related death in the world
Highest in Korea and Japan (diet)

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37
Q

Gastric Cancer: areas affected/percentages

A

50% affects pylorus

25% affects lesser curvature

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38
Q

Gastric Cancer: aetiology

A

Smoking
H. pylori infection
Diet rich in salted, pickled and smoked foods (N-nitroso compounds)
Low food/veg diet

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39
Q

Gastric Cancer: signs and symptoms

A

Early stages - persistent indigestion, frequent burping, heartburn, feeling full quickly when eating, bloating, abdominal discomfort

Advanced stages - black blood in stools
Loss of appetite, weight loss, tiredness, anaemia, jaundice

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40
Q

Gastric Cancer: diagnostics

A

Stool analysis (blood)
Endoscopy
Biopsy
Tumour markers - CEA, CA 19-9

41
Q

Gastric Cancer: allopathic treatment

A

Gastrectomy

Chemo/radiotherapy

42
Q

Oesophageal Cancer: aetiology

A 
Chronic irritation
Alcohol
Smoking
GORD and Barrett's oesophagus
Obesity
Low fruit/veg diet
Age
43
Q

Oesophageal Cancer: signs and symptoms

A

Few early symptoms, obstruction may occur later
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Extreme weight loss
Melaena (blood in stools)

44
Q

Pancreatic Cancer: pathophysiology

A

Most arise from the exocrine cells

Less common from the endocrine cells

45
Q

Pancreatic Cancer: metastatic percentage

A

Approx 60% metastatic at diagnosis

46
Q

Pancreatic Cancer: aetiology

A

Cause is unknown
Risks include age, smoking, family history
Diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, H. pylori

47
Q

Pancreatic Cancer: signs and symptoms

A 
Asymptomatic early on
Epigastric pain, radiating to back
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
Jaundice (bilirubin can't get out)
Nausea after eating
Glucose intolerance
48
Q

Pancreatic Cancer: allopathic treatment

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

49
Q

Prostate Cancer: epidemiology

A

Most common cancer in men

Generally 50+ yrs

50
Q

Prostate Cancer: aetiology

A

Obesity
Diet - high meat consumption (esp. chargrilled), dairy and saturated fats, refined sugars
Ethnicity - black men at highest risk
Genetics - BRCA1/2

51
Q

Prostate Cancer: signs and symptoms

A 
Obstructed/poor urinary flow
Increased urinary frequency
Intermittent urine flow and dribbling of urine
Nocturia
Haematuria
Back pain can indicate bone metastases
52
Q

Prostate Cancer: diagnostics

A

Elevated PSA
Digital rectal exam
Biopsy

53
Q

Prostate Cancer: allopathic treatment

A

Radiotherapy
Androgen deprivation therapy
Chemotherapy
Surgery (removal) - 50% never recover urinary/erectile function

54
Q

Bladder Cancer: epidemiology

A

More common in men - 2:1

70-80 yr group

55
Q

Bladder Cancer: where does it originate?

A

Originates from transitional epithelial cells in bladder

56
Q

Bladder Cancer: aetiology

A

Smoking - carcinogens pool in bladder and induce mutations
Chronic cystitis
Increasing age
Catheterisation

57
Q

Bladder Cancer: signs and symptoms

A

Painless haematuria (90%)
Increased urine frequency & urgency
Dysuria
Bone metastases (with pain in spine)

58
Q

Bladder Cancer: allopathic treatment

A

Transurethral resection

Cystectomy

59
Q

Testicular Cancer: epidemiology

A

Young men (15-35 yrs)

60
Q

Testicular Cancer: aetiology

A

Higher risk if undescended testes

Family history

61
Q

Testicular Cancer: signs and symptoms

A

Hard, painless, unilateral mass
Dragging sensation
Dull ache
Metastasises to bone, brain, lungs, liver

62
Q

Skin Cancer: prognosis

A

Visible, generally easily detectable

Develops slowly - good prognosis

63
Q

Skin Cancer: typical locations for moles

A

Usually arises on head, neck or back

64
Q

Skin Cancer: epidemiology

A

Most common in fair-skinned people, 40+

65
Q

Skin Cancer: what to look out for

A 
Asymmetry
Border
Colour
Diameter
Evolving
66
Q

What is the most common skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

67
Q

What is the second most common skin cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

68
Q

Who is more likely to develop melanoma?

A

Women, 30-50 yrs

69
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate for melanoma?

A

80%

70
Q

Basal cell carcinoma: signs and symptoms

A

Raised, smooth, pearly bump on sun-exposed skin
Sometimes small blood vessels can be seen within the tumour
Crusting and bleeding in the centre

71
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma: signs and symptoms

A

Red, scaling thickened nodule/patch

Some are firm hard nodules with central necrosis

72
Q

Melanoma: signs and symptoms

A

Brown/black lesions

Change in size, colour, elevation of a mole or new mole

73
Q

Bone Tumours: definition

A

Can be malignant or benign

Most commonly secondary

74
Q

What is osteosarcoma?

A

Malignant bone tumour

75
Q

Who is most likely to be affected by primary osteosarcomas?

A

Teenagers

76
Q

Where are osteosarcomas most likely to form?

A

Typically occur around the knee or humerus

77
Q

Bone Tumours: signs and symptoms

A

Worsening pain that becomes unremitting
Wake patient at night
Systemic symptoms - weight loss, malaise, fatigue, night sweats

78
Q

Brain Tumours: types of

A

High grade - rapid growth tumours

Low grade - lower growth tumours

79
Q

Example of high grade brain tumour

A

Mostly gliomas (common type is astrocytoma)

80
Q

Example of low grade brain tumours

A

Meningiomas

Pituitary tumours

81
Q

Brain Tumours: epidemiology

A

Most common 50-70 yrs

82
Q

Where do malignant brain tumours usually metastasise from?

A

Lung
Breast
Stomach
Prostate

83
Q

Brain Tumours: aetiology

A

Mobile phone use

84
Q

Brain Tumours: signs and symptoms

A

Morning headaches, increasing in frequency
Nausea, vomiting, seizures
Uneven pupils, double vision
Papilloedema - bulging of optic nerve

85
Q

Lymphoma: definition

A

Malignancy of lymphatic cells

86
Q

Types of lymphoma

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

87
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: epidemiology

A

5 times more common

Peak age - 50+ and children/young adults

88
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma: epidemiology

A

Peak age 20-35

89
Q

Which cells are involved in lymphomas?

A

B-lymphocytes

90
Q

Lymphoma: aetiology

A 
EBV - found in 50% of patients with Hodgkin's
HIV
General immunosuppression
Pesticides/herbicides
Chemo/radiotherapy
91
Q

Lymphoma: signs and symptoms

A

Enlarged and asymptomatic lymph node in neck
Chest discomfort
Cough
Dyspnoea
Drenching night sweats, fever, weight loss
Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly

92
Q

Lymphoma: diagnostics

A

Biopsy of lymph node - surgical/fine needle

Blood tests - raised ESR, leukocytosis, lymphopenia, anaemia, HIV testing

93
Q

Leukaemia: definition

A

Bone marrow cancers characterised by over-production of leukocytes

94
Q

Leukaemia: pathophysiology

A

Over-proliferation in leukocytes results in supressed RBC production (=anaemia) and suppressed platelet production (=thrombocytopenia)

95
Q

Acute leukaemias: characteristics

A 
All ages
Rapid onset
More aggressive
Immature cells
Anaemia/thrombocytopenia prominent
96
Q

Chronic leukaemias: characteristics

A 
Usually adults
Gradual onset
More mature
Differentiated cells
Lymph node enlargement/splenomegaly prominent
97
Q

Leukaemia: Signs and symptoms

A 
Anaemia symptoms
Malaise
Frequent infections
Easy bleeding/bruising
Splenomegaly - excess haemolysis causes spleen to enlarge
Lymph node enlargement
98
Q

Leukaemia: diagnostics

A

Blood test - FBC and blood film

Bone marrow biopsy

99
Q

Leukaemia: allopathic treatment

A

Chemotherapy
Bone marrow transplant
Radiotherapy

Biomedicine (Semester II) (20 decks)

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