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Biomedicine (Semester II) > 16. Infectious Diseases - Pathologies > Flashcards

16. Infectious Diseases - Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What are systemic symptoms of infectious diseases?

A

Fever
Fatigue
Headache
Nausea

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2
Q

What are local signs of infectious diseases?

A 
Pain
Swelling
Redness
Warmth
Purulent exudate
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3
Q

What is a possible complication of an infection?

A

Sepsis (septicaemia)

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4
Q

What is sepsis?

A

When a pathogen infects the blood

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5
Q

What can sepsis lead to?

A

Multi-organ failure

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6
Q

Who is more at risk of developing sepsis?

A 
Over 75s
<1 yrs
Alcoholics
Diabetics
Chemo patients
Those on steroid treatment
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of sepsis?

A 
Lethargy
Nausea/vomiting
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea
Coughing
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8
Q

How can infectious diseases be tested?

A

Culture/staining
Blood tests
Stool tests
Radiography

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9
Q

What kind of infections can blood tests detect?

A

Bacterial e.g. leukocytosis
Viral e.g. leukopenia
High erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

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10
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

High leukocyte count

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11
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Low leukocyte count

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12
Q

Cellulitis: definition

A

Bacterial infection of the skin creating inflammation of dermal/subcutaneous layers

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13
Q

Erysipelas: definition

A

Bacterial infection of the skin creating inflammation of dermis/upper subcutaneous layer
Well defined edge

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14
Q

Cellulitis/Erysipelas: aetiology

A

Bacterial - Staphylococcus aureus. Infections can enter the skin through minor trauma, eczema (itching), IV drug abuse, ulcers

Streptococci bacteria in subject’s own nasal passages

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15
Q

Cellulitis/Erysipelas: signs and symptoms

A

Very red, inflamed skin

Fever, malaise

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16
Q

Cellulitis/Erysipelas: diagnostics

A

Microbe analysis

Clinical presentation

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17
Q

Cellulitis/Erysipelas: allopathic treatment

A

Antibiotics

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18
Q

Impetigo: definition

A

Very contagious bacterial skin infection

Common in infants/young adults

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19
Q

Impetigo: aetiology

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Haemolytic streptococci

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20
Q

Impetigo: signs and symptoms

A

Pustules with round, oozing patches and golden-yellow crusts that grow larger each day
Affects mostly exposed areas - hands/face
Skin folds - particularly armpits

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21
Q

Impetigo: allopathic treatment

A

Antibiotics

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22
Q

Oral Candidiasis: definition

A

Superficial fungal yeast infection of mucous tissues

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23
Q

Oral Candidiasis: aetiology

A

Candida albicans
Often presents after broad spectrum antibiotics
Immune-compromised patients

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24
Q

Oral Candidiasis: signs and symptoms

A

White plaques
Dysphagia
Reduced appetite

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25
Q

Oral Candidiasis: complications

A

Can become systemic in immune-compromised patients - deposits on organs

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26
Q

Oral Candidiasis: allopathic treatment

A

Antifungals - topical/oral

these can impact liver function/damage local skin

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27
Q

Genital Candidiasis: definition

A

Very common fungal infection of the genitals

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28
Q

Genital Candidiasis: aetiology

A 
Not sex-related (opportunistic)
Immune-compromised patients
Antibiotic treatment
Diabetes mellitus
Pregnancy
Immune system disorders
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29
Q

Genital Candidiasis: signs and symptoms

A

Vaginal/genital itch, discomfort, irritation

Thick, clumpy discharge (cottage cheese)

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30
Q

Genital Candidiasis: diagnostics

A

Physical exam

Fungal culture/analysis

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31
Q

Genital Candidiasis: allopathic treatment

A

Antifungals - topical/oral

these can impact liver function/damage local skin

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32
Q

Lyme Disease: aetiology

A

Bacterium - borrelia, transmitted by tick bites

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33
Q

Lyme Disease: signs and symptoms

A

Different bacterial strains cause different clinical manifestations (differences between Europe and USA)
Circular pink/red rash at site of tick attachment that radiates over 5cm away
Flu-like symptoms - can lead to neurological disease, cardiovascular disease and arthritis if not treated

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34
Q

Lyme Disease: allopathic treatment

A

Antibiotics

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35
Q

Diphtheria: definition

A

Highly contagious upper respiratory tract infection affecting primarily the nose and throat

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36
Q

Diphtheria: aetiology

A

Bacterial - Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram positive), transmitted by droplets

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37
Q

Diphtheria: signs and symptoms

A

Sore throat and fever
Grey membrane (necrosis) grows across the tonsils, pharynx, nose (impairs breathing)
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes

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38
Q

Diphtheria: complications

A

Exotoxins cause endothelial necrosis by inhibiting protein synthesis
Can cause myocarditis and paralyse diaphragm
The membrane can block the airways

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39
Q

Diphtheria: allopathic treatment

A

Medical emergency
Anti-toxins
Antibiotics
Respirator

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40
Q

Scarlet Fever: definition

A

Infectious disease resulting from exotoxins released by Streptococci pyogenes bacteria
Usually occurs in children (90% <10yrs)

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41
Q

Scarlet Fever: pathophysiology

A

Bacteria secrete haemolytic enzymes and exotoxins (damage capillaries which both cause red rash)

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42
Q

Scarlet Fever: aetiology

A

Streptococci pyogenes bacteria (haemolytic streptococcus)

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43
Q

Scarlet Fever: transmission

A

Droplets

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44
Q

Scarlet Fever: incubation time

A

3-4 days incubation

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45
Q

Scarlet Fever: signs and symptoms

A

Sore throat, fever, scarlet rash (blanches under pressure)
Haemorrhagic spots on palate
First 2 days - white tongue with red papillae
After this - more raw/red

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46
Q

Scarlet Fever: allopathic treatment

A

Antibiotics

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47
Q

Cold Sores: definition

A

Viral infection causing small blisters around mouth/on lips

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48
Q

Cold Sores: pathophysiology

A

When immunity is low, the virus migrates along the nerve (often the trigeminal) to the skin/mucosa around mouth causing tingling/burning sensation

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49
Q

Cold Sores: aetiology

A

Herpes simplex virus (Type I)
Stress
Drugs - steroids
Trauma, local infections, sunlight exposure

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50
Q

Cold Sores: transmission

A

Direct contact or indirect - saliva

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51
Q

Cold Sores: signs and symptoms

A

Commonly asymptomatic
Tingling, itching, burning sensation around the mouth
Small, fluid filled sores that appear most commonly on lower lip

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52
Q

Cold Sores: allopathic treatment

A

Antiviral cream - acyclovir

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53
Q

Who is mainly affected by chicken pox?

A

Mostly affects children (90%)

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54
Q

Chicken Pox: aetiology

A

Varicella zoster virus (part of herpes family)

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55
Q

Chicken Pox: transmission/incubation time

A

Droplets into upper respiratory tract mucosa
Direct contact
2-3 weeks incubation

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56
Q

Chicken Pox: signs and symptoms

A

Prodromal fever and malaise
Vesicular eruptions on the skin appear over 3-5 days mostly on head/truck.
Itchy
Infective 2 days before rash until all lesions at ‘crusting’

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57
Q

Chicken Pox: complications

A

Infection because of scratching
Encephalitis
Viral pneumonia

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58
Q

Chicken Pox: allopathic treatments

A

None

59
Q

Shingles: definition

A

Infection by the varicella zoster virus following chicken pox infection

60
Q

Shingles: aetiology

A

Varicella zoster virus - travels down infected nerve causing neuritis (nerve inflammation) in an immune-compromised individual

61
Q

Shingles: signs and symptoms

A

1-2 days before rash - burning, itching, tingling
Eruptive phase - skin lesions similar to chicken pox (affecting head/face), causing severe dermatomal pain, altered sensation and vesicular rash

62
Q

Shingles: allopathic treatment

A

Antiviral cream - acyclovir

63
Q

Whooping Cough: definition

A

Bacterial infection with characteristic coughing attacks where there’s a desperate attempt to breathe in

64
Q

Whooping Cough: aetiology

A

Bacterial - Bordetella pertussis

65
Q

Whooping Cough: signs and symptoms

A

Initial 1-2 weeks flu like symptoms
Then, a cough that doesn’t respond to usual cough medication
Cough gets worse and presents with attacks (for 3-6 weeks)

66
Q

Whooping Cough: complications

A

Pneumonia
Rib fracture
Death

67
Q

Tuberculosis: definition

A

Systemic infection

Granulomatous disease

68
Q

Tuberculosis: pathophysiology

A

Macrophages in the lungs engulf the bacteria and carry them to the hilar lymph nodes
Some organisms can spread to distant areas
80% of cases the granulomas formed will be eliminated by the immune system. If not, the bacteria can become active immediately, later, or may remain dormant
Can affect lungs but also CNS, lymph, circulation, genitourinary, bones, joints, skin

69
Q

Tuberculosis: transmission

A

Droplets
Inspiration of dust
Dry excretions
Contaminated milk

70
Q

Tuberculosis: signs and symptoms

A

Pulmonary TB: fever, chronic cough, purulent/bloody sputum, night sweats, severe malaise, weight loss, anorexia

71
Q

Tuberculosis: diagnostics

A

Blood tests - high ESR, leukocytosis

X-rays, other imaging

72
Q

Tuberculosis: allopathic treatment

A

Antibiotics for 6 months

73
Q

Measles: definition

A

Acute and very infectious viral disease mainly in children

74
Q

Measles: aetiology

A

Measles virus

75
Q

Measles: transmission/incubation

A

Droplets

11 days incubation

76
Q

Measles: signs and symptoms

A

3-5 days - non-specific cold symptoms
Koplik spots - small grey spots on oral mucosa opposite molar teeth
Eruptive phase - measles-like rash that initially begins on face/forehead
Rash fades within 1 week (contagious 4 days before and after rash)

77
Q

Measles: complications

A

Middle ear infection
Pneumonia
Encephalitis

78
Q

Measles: allopathic treatment

A

No specific treatment

79
Q

Mumps: definition

A

Acute, viral infection causing swelling of the parotid/salivary glands

80
Q

Mumps: aetiology

A

Mumps virus

81
Q

Mumps: signs and symptoms

A 
Feeling unwell
Fever
Head and joint pains 
Swollen parotid glands 
First one then both sides
82
Q

Mumps: complications

A

After puberty, about 30% of males get testicular inflammation

83
Q

Rubella: definition

A

Rare, harmless viral infection

84
Q

Rubella: signs and symptoms`

A

Sore throat, fever, headache
Petechiae on hard palate
Pink rash with small macules that starts on face and behind ears

85
Q

Rubella: complications

A

Abnormal foetal development

Miscarriage

86
Q

Viral Hepatitis: definition

A

Acute viral infection of the liver

87
Q

Viral Hepatitis: aetiology

A

Hepatitis virus (types A, B, C, D, E)

88
Q

Viral Hepatitis: transmission

A

A/E - faecal-oral

B/C/D - blood, other bodily fluids

89
Q

Viral Hepatitis: signs and symptoms

A
  1. Pre-icteric stage - malaise, diarrhoea

2. Icteric stage - jaundice, pale stools, dark urine, pruritic skin, enlarged liver, impaired blood clotting

90
Q

Viral Hepatitis: diagnostics

A

Blood test - liver function

91
Q

Viral Hepatitis: complications

A

Chronic liver disease - cirrhosis, liver cancer

92
Q

Viral Hepatitis: allopathic treatment

A

Limited - antiviral therapy

Hep B vaccine in vulnerable groups

93
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): definition

A

An STI which attacks the immune system

Retrovirus - a double-strand RNA virus

94
Q

AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome): definition

A

Later stages of HIV when the immune system is severely impaired and life-threatening

95
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): pathophysiology

A

HIV binds to CD4 receptors
Viral envelope and cell membrane fuse and viral RNA enters the cell
Converted by ‘reverse transcriptase’ enzyme into viral DNA
Using integrase, it integrates into the host cell DNA
Viral DNA forces the host cell to produce viral RNA and proteins
Assembles in cytoplasm and buds off
As viral load goes up, T-cell count goes down
Can mutate, destroys CD4 cells leading to immune compromise

96
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): transmission

A

Primarily through blood and semen (unprotected anal sex)
Low risk with saliva and vaginal secretions
NOT transmitted by casual contact
Risk of transmission during pregnancy/breastfeeding
Increase in heterosexual transmission
6-7% intravenous drug use

97
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): signs and symptoms

A
  1. Initial stages - 1-6 weeks after infection
    50% asymptomatic
    Flu/glandular fever-like sore throat, fever, malaise, muscle/joint pain, swollen lymph nodes
    Negative antibody (IgG tests) but viral RNA high
  2. Late stage - huge reduction in CD4 count and rise in viral load
    Severely impaired immune function
    Opportunistic infections
    Fatigue, anaemia, anorexia
    Neurological disease with no other cause
    Peripheral neuropathy
    Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
    Dementia
    Cognitive/motor dysfunction
98
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): diagnostics

A

Blood tests - antibodies

99
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): opportunistic infections CD4 <500

A

Herpes infections
Candidiasis
Kaposi’s sarcoma

100
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): opportunistic infections CD4 <200

A

Toxoplasmosis, pneumonia

101
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): opportunistic infections CD4 <50

A

Severe mycobacterium infection

HIV dementia

102
Q

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): prognosis

A

Increased with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)

Anti-retrovirals increases life expectancy but causes a variety of adverse effects due to high toxicity from the drugs

103
Q

Dysentery: definition

A

Infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus

104
Q

Dysentery: aetiology

A

Bacteria - shigella

Amoebic(protozoa) - via faecal-oral contamination

105
Q

Dysentery: signs and symptoms

A

Diarrhoea - watery stools with mucus and blood

Cramping, possible nausea/vomiting

106
Q

Dysentery: diagnostics

A

Stool microscopy

107
Q

Dysentery: complications

A

Dehydration - dangerous in small children, infants, pregnancy and elderly

108
Q

Dysentery: allopathic treatment

A

Antibiotics - anti-parasitic or anti-bacterial

Rehydration - fluid and mineral replacement

109
Q

Malaria: definition

A

Tropical infectious disease spread by anopheles mosquitos

5 million affected each year

110
Q

Malaria: pathophysiology

A

Infected female anopheles mosquito bites human
Plasmodium parasites taken up by liver, proliferate and mature. Can lie dormant for up to a year
Spread to erythrocytes and proliferate further. Symptoms begin i.e. fever
Infected cells burst and spread infection
Protozoan gametes are formed and are taken up by another mosquitos during blood meal

111
Q

Malaria: 3 stages of life cycle

A
  1. Mosquito
  2. Human liver
  3. Erythrocytes
112
Q

Malaria: aetiology

A 
Plasmodium species (5 types) - protozoa
Spread by vector/host mosquito
113
Q

Malaria: signs and symptoms

A

Cyclical fever - chills, then fever, followed by extreme sweating and then shivering
Headache, fever, malaise, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anaemia
Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, jaundice

114
Q

Malaria: complications

A

Death

Relapses

115
Q

Malaria: allopathic treatment

A

Quinine/chloroquine

Preventative drugs

116
Q

Chlamydia: definition

A

Very common sexually transmitted infection

Common <25s

117
Q

Chlamydia: aetiology

A

Bacterial - Chlamydia trachomatis

118
Q

Chlamydia: incubation

A

Several weeks incubation

119
Q

Chlamydia: signs and symptoms (males)

A

50% asymptomatic
Milky white/yellow discharge from penis
Epididymitis
Urethritis

120
Q

Chlamydia: signs and symptoms (females)

A

80% asymptomatic
Yellow vaginal discharge
Dysuria

121
Q

Chlamydia: diagnostics

A

Urine
Cervical
Urethral swab tests

122
Q

Chlamydia: complications

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Risk of infertility

123
Q

Chlamydia: allopathic treatment

A

Antibiotics

124
Q

Gonorrhoea: definition

A

Common bacterial STI

125
Q

Gonorrhoea: aetiology

A

Bacterial - Neisseria gonorrhoea - infects epithelium of GU tract, rectum, pharynx, conjunctiva

126
Q

Gonorrhoea: transmission

A

Direct - oral, anal, genital sex

Mother to baby during birth

127
Q

Gonorrhoea: signs and symptoms (male)

A

90% symptomatic
Yellow penile discharge
Dysuria

128
Q

Gonorrhoea: signs and symptoms (female)

A 
50% asymptomatic
Yellow vaginal discharge
Dysuria
Irregular vaginal bleeding
Lower abdominal pain
Pain during sex
129
Q

Gonorrhoea: diagnostics

A

Swab culture of urethra, throat, cervix/rectum

Presumptive on-the-spot diagnosis often made

130
Q

Gonorrhoea: complications

A

Permanent complication (particularly women) if untreated
PID
Infertility

131
Q

Gonorrhoea: allopathic treatment

A

Antibiotics

Abstain from sexual activity until all clear

132
Q

Genital Herpes: aetiology

A

Herpes simplex virus (Type II)

133
Q

Genital Herpes: transmission

A

Direct contact - sexually transmitted

134
Q

Genital Herpes: signs and symptoms

A

Always symptomatic
After initial infection the viruses move to sensory nerves where they remain latent
Painful vesicles, then shallow ulcers

135
Q

Genital Herpes: allopathic treatment

A

Antiviral cream - acyclovir

136
Q

Syphilis: definition

A

Chronic, contagious systemic disease

137
Q

Syphilis: aetiology

A

Bacterial - Treponema pallidum

138
Q

Syphilis: transmission

A

Enters body via damaged skin or mucous membranes
Sexual contact
Pregnancy

139
Q

Syphilis: signs and symptoms

A
  1. Hard, painless ulcer on infection point. Heals and becomes asymptomatic
  2. Flat, erythematous rash (v. contagious), potentially covering whole body. Not itchy. Lasts several weeks
  3. Latent stage - no symptoms but untreated person may remain infectious for up to 2 years
  4. Years later if left untreated can lead to chronic gummas (granulomas), neurological syphilis, cardiovascular syphilis
140
Q

Syphilis: allopathic treatment

A

Penicillin

Avoid sex until all clear

141
Q

Genital Warts: aetiology

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

142
Q

Genital Warts: incubation

A

Up to 6 months incubation

143
Q

Genital Warts: signs and symptoms

A

Soft, fleshy projections
Cauliflower-like masses
Small pointed masses
Flat lesions on vagina, cervix, penis

144
Q

Genital Warts: allopathic treatment

A

Surgery
Laser
Cryotherapy

Biomedicine (Semester II) (20 decks)

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