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Biomedicine (Semester II) > 14. Nervous System II > Flashcards

14. Nervous System II Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

Vertebral column

Meninges

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3
Q

What are meninges?

A

Layers of connective tissue

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4
Q

What is the brain protected by?

A

Cranium
Cranial meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Blood brain barrier (BBB)

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5
Q

What are the three layers of meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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6
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Tough outer layer

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7
Q

What is the dura mater in the brain made up of?

A

Two layers

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8
Q

What do the two layers of dura mater in the brain do?

A

Create venous sinuses

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9
Q

What do venous sinuses do?

A

Allow blood to drain out of the brain into the jugular veins

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10
Q

What is the arachnoid mater made up of?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres

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11
Q

What is the subdural space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater filled with?

A

Interstitial fluid

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12
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Thin transparent layer

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13
Q

What is the pia mater made up of?

A

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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15
Q

What is a subdural haematoma?

A

Venous bleed in space below the dura mater

Slowly develops

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16
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Arterial bleed in the space below the arachnoid mater

Rapid development

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17
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Clear liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord from mechanical and immunological injury

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18
Q

What does CSF consist of?

A

Filtered blood

Water with ions and glucose

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19
Q

Why is CSF colourless?

A

Blood cells are too large to filter through

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20
Q

Where can you find CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space
Ventricles in brain
Central canal of spinal cord

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21
Q

What is CSF produced from?

A

Ependymal cells

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22
Q

How much CSF is produced a day?

A

500ml

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23
Q

How much CSF can be found in the brain?

A

150ml

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24
Q

What happens to excess CSF that can’t fill around the brain?

A

Gradually absorbed back into blood

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25
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A

Supports/protects the brain and spinal cord
Shock absorber
Keeps them moist
Circulates nutrients and waste
Maintains uniform pressure around brain
Maintains optimal chemical environment for nerve signalling

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26
Q

Where does blood flow to the brain from?

A

Vertebral arteries

Carotid arteries

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27
Q

What percentage of the body’s oxygen and glucose does the brain use at rest?

A

20%

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28
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A

Protects brain from toxins, harmful substances and bacteria

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29
Q

How does the BBB protect the brain from toxins, harmful substances and bacteria?

A

Maintaining tightness of capillaries

Maintaining junctions between cells

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30
Q

What maintains the BBB?

A

Astrocytes

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31
Q

What substances can transport across the BBB?

A

Lipid soluble substances - alcohol, anaesthetics
Glucose
Gases
Ions

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32
Q

What substances can’t transport across the BBB easily?

A

Proteins

Some drugs

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33
Q

What are the four areas of the brain?

A

Brainstem
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
Cerebellum

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34
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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35
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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36
Q

Where can you find the brainstem?

A

Top of the spinal cord

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37
Q

What does the brainstem pass through?

A

Foramen magnum (large hole)

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38
Q

Which centres are located in the medulla oblongata?

A

Respiratory

Cardiac

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39
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Vomiting reflex
Coughing reflex
Hiccupping reflex

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40
Q

Which cranial nerves are located in the medulla oblongata?

A

9-12

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41
Q

Which tract is located in the medulla oblongata?

A

Corticospinal tract (motor)

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42
Q

What does the pons control?

A

Breathing

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43
Q

Which cranial nerves are located in the pons?

A

5-8

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44
Q

Which tract does the pons relay?

A

Motor

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45
Q

What does the midbrain contain?

A

Substantia nigra

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46
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

Large, darky-pigmentated area

Contains dopamine releasing hormones

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47
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Controls eye reflexes and tracking

Controls head and neck movements

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48
Q

Which cranial nerves are located in the midbrain?

A

3-4

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49
Q

Which tract does the midbrain transfer?

A

Motor

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50
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Relay centre of the brain

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51
Q

What percentage of the diencephalon is made up of the thalamus?

A

80%

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52
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Relays sensory information to the cerebrum

Integrates sensory and motor information

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53
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

Connects limbic system to other parts of the brain

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54
Q

Which gland is located in the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland

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55
Q

Which hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

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56
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A 
Regulates hormones and homeostasis
Controls body temperature
Regulates emotional/behavioural patterns
Regulates appetite/satiety
Regulates circadian rhythm
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57
Q

What type of information does the hypothalamus receive?

A

Sensory

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58
Q

Which nervous system does the hypothalamus control?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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59
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Inferior and posterior aspect of the cranium

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60
Q

How many neurons can be found in the cerebellum?

A

50 billion

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61
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A 
Balance/posture
Co-ordinate sequences of movement
Correct errors during ongoing movement (learning an instrument, learning to walk)
Cognition
Thoughts and language processing
62
Q

What can damage the cerebellum?

A

Chronic alcohol abuse
Coeliac’s disease
Thiamine (B1) deficiency

63
Q

What are the symptoms of a cerebellar disease?

A 
Ataxia - lack of muscle co-ordination
Stumbling
Unsteadiness
Slurred speech
Intention tremor (tremor when doing a movement e.g. hand shaking when putting key in lock)
64
Q

What are the areas of the cerebrum called?

A

Left and right hemispheres

65
Q

What does the cerebrum contain?

A

Outer cerebral cortex with multiple foldings

Deeper cerebral region

66
Q

What is the outer cerebral cortex also known as?

A

Grey matter

67
Q

What is the deeper cerebral region also known as?

A

White matter

68
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A

Cell bodies
Dendrites
Unmyelinated axons

69
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Myelinated axons

70
Q

How are the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum connected?

A

By the corpus callosum

71
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

Co-ordinates movements between sides e.g. walking

72
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Sensory perception

Motor control of skeletal muscles

73
Q

What is the name of the descending motor tract?

A

Corticospinal tract

74
Q

What is the corticospinal tract made up of?

A

Motor neuron axons

75
Q

Where do the motor tracts cross over (decussate)?

A

In the medulla oblongata

76
Q

What impact does the motor tracts decussating have on the body?

A

Left side of brain co-ordinates right side of body

Right side of brain co-ordinates left side of body

77
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum called?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Temporal
  3. Parietal
  4. Occipital
78
Q

What does the frontal lobe of the cerebrum control?

A

Motor skills

79
Q

What does the temporal lobe of the cerebrum control?

A

Hearing

80
Q

What does the parietal lobe of the cerebrum control?

A

Sensory cortex

81
Q

What does the occipital lobe of the cerebrum control?

A

Vision

82
Q

What does the outer cerebral cortex contain?

A

Sensory cortex

Motor cortex

83
Q

What does the sensory cortex do?

A

Receives sensory input (e.g. touch, vibration) and maps it out

84
Q

What does the motor cortex do?

A

Controls voluntary movements of specific muscles

85
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Area of brain that is active with different emotions

86
Q

What is the limbic system formed of?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Midbrain

87
Q

What are the key structures within the limbic system?

A

Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala

88
Q

When does the limbic system become active?

A

When dealing with emotional responses

89
Q

What is the key area for emotions?

A

Amygdala

90
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Encode and retrieve memories

91
Q

What percentage of cardiac output does the brain receive?

A

20%

92
Q

How much blood does the brain receive?

A

750ml every min

93
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

A

Where the carotid and vertebral arterial systems meet

94
Q

The Circle of Willis is a common location for which pathology?

A

Berry aneurysm

95
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

96
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
97
Q

Which cranial nerves are located in the cerebrum?

A
  1. Olfactory

2. Optic

98
Q

Which cranial nerves are located in the midbrain?

A
  1. Oculomotor

4. Trochlear

99
Q

Which cranial nerves are located in the pons?

A
  1. Trigeminal
  2. Abducens
  3. Facial
  4. Vestibulocochlear
100
Q

Which cranial nerves are located in the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal
  2. Vagus
  3. Accessory
  4. Hypoglossal
101
Q

Mnemonic for remembering the cranial nerves

A 
On, Olfactory
On, Optic
On, Oculomotor
They - Trochlear
Travelled - Trigeminal
And - Abducens
Found - Facial
Voldemort - Vestibulocochlear
Guarding - Glossopharyngeal
Very - Vagus
Ancient - Accessory
Horcruxes - Hypoglossal
102
Q

Cranial nerve 1 - name, function, location

A

Olfactory
Sense of smell
Cerebrum

103
Q

Cranial nerve 2 - name, function, location

A

Optic
Vision
Cerebrum

104
Q

Cranial nerve 3 - name, function, location

A

Oculomotor
Eye movements, eyelid opening, pupil dilation
Midbrain

105
Q

Cranial nerve 4 - name, function, location

A

Trochlear
Eye movements
Midbrain

106
Q

Cranial nerve 5 - name, function, location

A

Trigeminal
Facial sensations, chewing, some taste
Pons

107
Q

Cranial nerve 6 - name, function, location

A

Abducens
Eye movement (abducts eye)
Pons

108
Q

Cranial nerve 7 - name, function, location

A

Facial
Taste, facial expressions, salivary glands
Pons

109
Q

Cranial nerve 8 - name, function, location

A

Vestibulocochlear
Hearing, balance
Pons

110
Q

Cranial nerve 9 - name, function, location

A

Glossopharyngeal
Taste, swallowing, tongue sensations
Medulla oblongata

111
Q

Cranial nerve 10 - name, function, location

A

Vagus
Sensory/motor functions in chest/abdomen
Medulla oblongata

112
Q

Cranial nerve 11 - name, function, location

A

Accessory
Neck and shoulder movement
Medulla oblongata

113
Q

Cranial nerve 12 - name, function, location

A

Hypoglossal
Tongue movement and speech
Medulla oblongata

114
Q

How many eye muscles does the oculomotor nerve (3) move?

A

4 out of 6

115
Q

How many eye muscles does the trochlear nerve (4) move?

A

1 out of 6

116
Q

How many eye muscles does the abducens nerve (6) move?

A

1 out of 6

117
Q

What can damage to the oculomotor, trochlear or abducens nerves cause?

A

Strabismus (squint)
Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
Diplopia (double vision)

118
Q

What is strabismus?

A

One eye crossed

119
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Drooping of upper eyelid

120
Q

What is diplopia?

A

Double vision

121
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve (5)?

A

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

122
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

Largest nerve of the autonomic nervous system

123
Q

What information does the vagus nerve carry?

A

All sensory information from chest and abdomen

124
Q

What can damage to the vagus nerve cause?

A

Tachycardia

Dysphagia

125
Q

Mnemonic for remembering the cranial nerve functions

A 
Some - Sensory
Say - Sensory
Money - Motor
Matters - Motor
But - Both
My - Motor
Brother - Both
Says - Sensory
Big - Both
Brains - Both
Matter - Motor
More - Motor
126
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

At the foramen magnum

127
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

At vertebral level 2 (L2)

128
Q

Where does the spinal cord meninges tissue continue to?

A

To level S2 of sacrum

129
Q

What is vertebral level 2 (L2) also known as?

A

Conus

130
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Spinal nerves that continue beyond the conus

131
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of?

A

White matter around a core of grey matter

132
Q

What does the spinal cord white matter consist of?

A

Bundles of myelinated axons - tracts

133
Q

Which tracts make up the spinal cord white matter?

A

Motor tracts

Sensory tracts

134
Q

Which direction does the motor tract of the spinal cord go and what does it do?

A

Descending

Control voluntary and involuntary movement

135
Q

Which direction do the sensory tracts of the spinal cord go and what do they do?

A

Ascending

Transmit impulses from skin, tendons, muscles and joints

136
Q

What does the spinal cord grey matter consist of?

A

Cell bodies

Dendrites

137
Q

How is the spinal cord grey matter divided up?

A

Posterior (dorsal) horn

Anterior (ventral) horn

138
Q

What does the posterior (dorsal) horn do?

A

Receive sensory impulses

139
Q

What does the anterior (ventral) horn do?

A

Sends out motor impulses

140
Q

How is information processed in the spinal cord?

A
  1. Information enters the dorsal horn
  2. It synapses with interneurons and travels up a sensory tract to the thalamus
  3. Thalamus processes the information and sends it to the sensory cortex
  4. Sensory cortex sends motor information down the corticospinal tract where it synapses at the level it’s coming out of
  5. The information then comes out of the ventral horn
141
Q

What are the spinal cord tracts called?

A

Dorsal columns
Spinothalamic tract
Corticospinal tract

142
Q

Which spinal cord tracts are ascending?

A

Dorsal columns

Spinothalamic tract

143
Q

Which spinal cord tract is descending?

A

Corticospinal tract

144
Q

What information does the dorsal column receive?

A

Light touch
Vibration
Proprioception

145
Q

What information does the spinothalamic tract receive?

A

Pain

Temperature

146
Q

What information does the corticospinal tract send out?

A

Voluntary movements

147
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A fast, automatic and unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a stimulus

148
Q

What is the spinal reflex?

A

Integration of a reflex that happens in the spine

149
Q

What does a reflex arc consist of?

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Interneuron
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector organ
150
Q

What are extensions of the spinal cord called?

A

Spinal nerves

151
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?

A

Through holes in the vertebra called vertebral foramina

Biomedicine (Semester II) (20 decks)

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