18 Aggression Flashcards by Anon Anon

Deifne aggression

What is the important part of this definition?

intending to harm another individual who does not wish to be harmed

intent is the important part

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name 4 types of aggression

hostile / impulsive
instrumental
proactive vs reactive
relational aggression

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What is hostile / impulsive aggression?

aimed solely at hurting another

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What is instrumental aggression

a means to an end

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What is relational aggression?

hostile aggression that does damage to another peer’s relationships

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What is proactive aggression?

being aggressive to achieve a goal - not in reaction to another person being aggressive

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What is reactive aggression?

reacting to a perceived threat or provocation

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What is relational aggression?

gosssiping, spreading rumours, social exclusion

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What are the two main contributors to aggression and what theories support them?

nature - psychoanalytic theory, ethology

nurture - social learning theory

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What is psychoanalytic approach to aggression?

aggresion is innate

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What is the cognitive approach to aggression?

aggression is learnt

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What does thanatos mean?

aggressive or death instinct

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What does eros mean?

sex or life instinct

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What does athanasios mean?

a - immortal

thanos - death instinct (or aggressive)

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What is id?

the part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processs are made

UNCONCIOUS

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What is the relationship between superego and id?

controls id’s impulses, especially those forbidden by that individual’s society

persuades ego to strive for moralistic goals

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What is the role of ego?

mediates between id, superego, and the real world

it’s the decision making component of personality

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What is the relationship between id ad aggression?

when expression of instincts (id) are blocked, there is increased arousal, leading to aggression

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What is the frustration - aggression hypothesis?

aggression = consequence of frustration

the revised form accounts for aggressive cues to stimulate aggression

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What are the problems with frustration - aggression hypothesis?

frustration is not sufficient to cause aggression

aggression is only one outcome of frustration - induced arousal

frustration provokes different resopnses between individuals

Frustration is more likely to produce aggression if it wasn’t anticipated

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What is the aggressive cue theory?

frustration produces anger rather than aggression

anger can then lead to aggression, using cues

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What is ethology?

learning about human psychology from studying animals

remember one argument supporting the notion that aggression is a basic drive

mild stimulation of the hypothalamus produces deadly aggressive behaviour in some animals - suggests we’re ‘hardwaired’ to be aggressive

What would suggest that aggression is based more off experience?

some mammals show aggression when stimulated in the cortex.

prestigous monkeys show aggression to subordinates when stimulated in the hypothalamus. lower down monkeys show submission

What part of the brain controls aggression in emotion regulation?

prefrontal cortex

What experiment supported the social learning theory?

Bodo doll experiment 1963

What are the differences between social learning theory and psychoanalytic theory?

Social learning theory is basically psychoanalytic theory but accounts for more outcomes of anger and different stimuli

What does the General aggresion model suggest and what other aggresion model does it incorporate?

agression is the result of both the personality and interaction of the person and the situation neo association

Why are adults more influenced by media aggression in the short term?

priming of pre-existing schemas, these are interfered with in the long-term by existing beliefs

Why are children more influenced by media aggression in the long term?

children quickly learn new norms without interference from established schemas

How does deindividualism increase aggression?

minimise salience of personalities | reduce public accountability

What efffect does reducing public acocuntability have on identity?

personal identity decreased group identity increased

What did milgram study?

how punishment affects human learning

how does self-esteem effect vulnerability to insult?

used to be thought that people with low self esteem are more likely to react badly now the other way round!

What is the relationship between sensation seeking and aggression?

higher sensation seekers are more impulsive, and hence may be considered more aggressive

How does amygdala volume change with aggression?

greater amygdala volume -> increased trait aggression

What effect does serotonin have on aggression?

it inhibits it

What effect does cortisol have on aggression?

it inhibits it

What part does the amygdala play in aggression?

fear - determines fight or flight

What part does the hypothalamus play in aggression?

output to somatic motor and autonomic neurones of lower brainstem and spinal chord

Higher levels of what hormone pre-birth and in early childhood increase agggression?

testosterone

What are the areas of the brain associated with inhibiting and stimulating anger?

inhibiting - top-down (orbital frontal cortex) stimulating - bottom-up (amygdala, insula)

why might Phineas Gage have become more irritable?

his frontal cortex was just obliterated, less inhibition of aggression!

How did Phineas Gage age?

with age he became far more measured - healing in the brian? | he was a stagecoach driver, which helped him

What effect would reduced serotonin and enhanced dopamine and norepinephrine have on aggression, and how?

more aggressive may lead to a lesion (tumour), decreased cortical volume, or processing inefficiency think of it as a sympathetic response

What effect would glutamate have on aggression?

it's an excitator neurotransmitter therefore, dysfunction leads to hypersensitivity

What effect would GABA have on aggression?

inhibitory NT dysfunction leads to hyperexcitation - like glutamate

What is the role of MAOA?

mitochondrial enzyme monoamine oxidase A helps with re-uptake and breakdown of neurotransmitters including serotonin those with MAOA L(low) gene have excessive NT levels in the brain

What does serotonin do?

regulates mood and emotion

what does epinephrine do?

regulates the body's response to stress

What does dopamine do?

regulates physical movements

Even with MAOA, does the environment affect aggression?

yes - abuse will still make for an antisocialhas much more of an affect on aggression

What is brunners syndrome?

MAOA deficiency Low IQ, impulsivity, hypersexuality, and violence XS monoamines in the brain