Chapter 10B

Question 1

Glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. One pressure promotes
filtration and two pressures oppose filtration:

1. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP) is the blood pressure in
   glomerular capillaries. It promotes/opposes filtration

Answer 1

promotes: filtration by forcing water and solutes in blood plasma through the filtration
membrane

Question 2

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is the hydrostatic pressure which promotes/opposes the filtration

Answer 2

opposes:

by fluid already in the capsular space and renal tubule. (back pressure)

Question 3

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP), which is due to the presence of proteins
such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen in blood plasma, promotes/opposes filtration?

Answer 3

also opposes filtration.

Question 4

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is the total pressure that opposes/promotes filtration.

Answer 4

promotes

Question 5

The amount of filtrate formed in both/one kidney(s) each minute is
the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Answer 5

both

Question 6

In adults, the GFR averages 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females.

Answer 6

ok

Question 7

The mechanisms that regulate glomerular filtration rate operate in two main ways:

1. Adjusting blood flow into and out of the glomerulus: GFR increases when blood
   flow into the glomerular capillaries increases.
2. Altering the glomerular capillary X available for filtration.

Answer 7

surface area

Question 8

Three mechanisms control GFR:

1. Renal autoregulation.
2. X regulation.
3. Hormonal regulation.

Answer 8

Neural

Question 9

Renal autoregulation: consists of two mechanisms:

1. Myogenic mechanism: X receptors in the walls of the afferent arterioles monitor
   blood pressure (faster mechanism).
2. Tubuloglomerular feedback: Xreceptors in the macula densa detect the increased
   delivery of Na+, Cl−, and water (slower mechanism).

Answer 9

stretch
chemo

Question 10

Neural Regulation of GFR:

Like most blood vessels of the body, those of the kidneys are supplied by
parasympathetic/sympathetic ANS fibers that release norepinephrine: causes vasodilation/constriction
through the activation of α1 receptors, which are particularly plentiful in the
smooth muscle fibers of afferent arterioles

Answer 10

sympathetic
constriction

Question 11

With moderate sympathetic stimulation, both afferent and efferent arterioles
constrict to the same degree. Blood flow into and out of the glomerulus is
restricted to the same extent, which decreases GFR only slightly.

• With greater sympathetic stimulation, however, as occurs during exercise or
  hemorrhage, vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles predominates. As a
  result, blood flow into glomerular capillaries is greatly decreased, and GFR
  drops.

This lowering of renal blood flow has two consequences:

1. It reduces urine output, which helps conserve blood volume.
2. It permits X

Answer 11

greater blood flow to other body tissues.

Question 12

Hormonal regulation:

AngioX 2 (a very potent vasoconstrictor) is released only when necessary and vasoconstrict
efferent arteriole, increasing GFR.

Answer 12

tensin

Question 13

ANP , atrial natriuretic peptide, is the only regulation of GFR that in/decreases GFR

Answer 13

increases

Question 14

The functions of the tubule are:

1. Recovering everything you do not want to lose (reabsorption).
2. Segregating to the lumen what you want to eliminate and it has not been
   filtered (X).
3. Adjust urinary volume and composition based on intake.

Answer 14

secretion

Question 15

Excretion = filtration + secretion - reabsorption

Answer 15

ok

Question 16

Solutes that are reabsorbed by both active and passive processes include:
- glucose,
- amino acids,
- X, and
- ions: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, HCO3− (bicarbonate), and HPO42− (phosphate).

Answer 16

urea

Question 17

Most small proteins and peptides that pass through the filter also are
reabsorbed, usually via pinocytosis

true/false

Answer 17

true

Question 18

Epithelial cells all along the renal tubule and duct carry out reabsorption, but
proximal X tubule cells make the largest contribution.

Answer 18

convoluted

Question 19

a substance being reabsorbed can take two routes before entering a peritubular capillary:

1. Paracellular reabsorption: water and solutes in tubular fluid return to the
   bloodstream by moving between/passing through tubule cells
2. Transcellular reabsorption: water and solutes in tubular fluid return to the bloodstream by moving between/passing through tubule cell.

Answer 19

between
passing through

Question 20

• Occurs along with the reabsorption of solutes such as Na+
  , Cl−, and glucose.
• Occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule and the descending limb of the
  nephron loop because these segments of the nephron are always permeable to
  water.

obligatory or facultative?

Answer 20

obligatory

Question 21

• Represents 10% of the reabsorption of the water.
• Is regulated by antidiuretic hormone.
• Occurs mainly in the collecting ducts.

obligatory or facultative?

Answer 21

facultative

Question 22

These transporters in the kidney can reabsorb up to 240 mg / min of glucose ..

ezelsbruggetje?

Answer 22

24/08 is siph dr verjaardag

Question 23

What will happen if the glucose kidney transporters limit is exceeded?

Answer 23

glycosuria

Question 24

P.61 for overview of kidney and absorpion/excretion

Answer 24

ok

Question 25

Three coats make up the wall of the urinary bladder. Put in right order from superficial layer to deep layer.

• Muscularis
• Mucosa
• Adventitia & serosa

Answer 25

1. adv (epithelium, lamina)
2. muscularis (internal / external urethral sphincter)
3. mucosa (epithelial + lamina)

Question 26

Micturition = ?

Answer 26

urinating