15th-17th Century Flashcards
Renaissance
1450-1750
Humanism, Individualism, revival of Greco-Roman models
Italian Renaissance
Netherlands: Northern Renaissance (Civic Humanism (Erasmus)), Christian Humanism
Columbus Voyage
1492 under Spain
miscalculated size of the Earth and ended up in Americas
Printing Press
c. 1440 Gutenburg
Most important invention in European History - increased literacy, education, transparency, awareness
Protestant Reformation
1517-c.1555
Movement against the traditional Catholic Church
Bible is ultimate authority!
Split into Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans
Effects: Influenced scientific revolution (new perspective of religion = new perspective of life), challenged authority of the church, questioned divine right, caused Catholic Reformation
Peace of Augsburg
1555
German princes decide the religion of their region
Kept HRE disunited, weak, and tense bc emperor was Habsburg
Catholic Reformation
1540
Response to Protestantism; Catholic Church becomes more unified and active - Very effective by 1650!
Jesuits formed 1530’s - spread education, stop Protestantism, effective
Council of Trent
1545-1563
Reaffirming not changing Church doctrines
Stop simony, involve bishops, educate priests, reaffirm traditional sacraments and Eucharist beliefs
note: kept indulgences
Roman Inquisition - religious court
Index of Forbidden Books- ineffective bc. printing press
Edict of Nantes
1598 under Henry the 4th
Religious toleration for Protestants!
-hold public office, public assembly, fortification, teach/attend schools
Thirty Year’s War
1618-1648 Last religious war
France, Denmark, Sweden vs. Habsburgs
Causes: Peace of Augsburg (division btwn emperor and princes, and btwn princes)
Bohemian King bans Protestant churches - rebellion
France: Catholic but didn’t want Habsburg hegemony
Sweden: Treaty of Resistance :(
Denmark: Wanted to extend influence over coastal sea (failed epically)
-Sack of Magdeburg (Catholics slaughtered Protestants)
Ended with Treaty of Westphalia which basically reaffirmed the Peace of Augsburg, Netherlands were independent, France got Alsace
English Civil War
1642-1651
Parliamentarians (Cromwell) vs. Royalists (Charles 1)
Cromwell wins: Strict, Puritan rule, republic
English Bill of Rights
1689 from Glorious Revolution (When James 2 had a son and people feared a Catholic lineage so they invited William and Mary to take over)
Limited monarchy, Parli met every 3 years, guaranteed civil liberties, no Roman Catholics on throne; separation of powers
First Industrial Revolution
1750-1850 Hands to machine after agricultural revolution
Commercialized industry (ex. tea and coffee), expanding middle class, leisure (ppl moving to cities)
Enlightenment
1685-1815 Challenging traditional authority with reason
Physiocrats, philosophes, scientific revolution, Deism, athiests, skepticism
