Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3rd Year - Reproductive Diseases > 15.3. Breasts - Pathology of Breast Disease > Flashcards

15.3. Breasts - Pathology of Breast Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Benign Breast Conditions?

A
  1. Fibrocystic Change
  2. Fibroadenoma
  3. Intraduct Papilloma
  4. Fat Necrosis
  5. Duct Ectasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What occurs in Fibrocystic Change?

A
  1. Fibrosis
  2. Adenosis
  3. Cysts
  4. Apocrine Metaplasia
  5. Duct Epithelial Hyperplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pathology of Fibroadenoma?

A
  1. Proliferation of Epithelial and Stromal Elements
  2. Ducts Distorted / Elongated
  3. Slit-Like Structures - Intracanalicular Pattern (Ducts not Compressed)
  4. Pericanlicular Growth Pattern
    Note - This is the most common breast Tumour in Adolescent and Young Adult Women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is a Fibroadenoma described?

A
  1. Well-Circumscribed
  2. Freely Mobile
  3. Non-painful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Other than Fibroadenoma, What other Adenomas can be found in the Breast?

A
  1. Tubular Adenoma - Discrete, Freely Movable Mass (Uniform Size Ducts)
  2. Lactating Adenoma - Enlarging Masses during Lactation / Pregnancy (Prominent Secretory Change)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does Intraduct Papilloma normally present?

A
  1. Middle Aged Women
  2. Nipple Discharge
  3. Can show Atypia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does Fat Necrosis of the Breast normally present?

A
  1. Simulate Carcinoma Clinically and Mammographically
  2. History of Antecedent Trauma / Prior Surgical Intervention
  3. Histiocytes with Foamy Cytoplasm
  4. Lipid Filled Cysts
  5. Fibrosis. Calcifications, Egg Shell on Mammography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Phyllodes Tumour?

A

A Benign (Borderline Malignant) Fleshy, Circumscribed, Connective Tissue and Epithelial Tumour with a Leaf-Like Pattern and Cysts on Cut Surface
Note - < 1% of breast tumours
Note - Metastases are Haematogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Aetiology / Risk Factors of Breast Cancer?

A
  1. Affects 1 in 8 women (22%) - commonest cause of female cancer death worldwide
  2. Age
  3. Menstrual History / Menarche
  4. Radiation / Hormonal Treatment
  5. Family / Personal History / Genetic Factors
  6. Obesity / Smoking / Alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What genes are related to Breast Cancer?

A
  1. BRCA1 - 20-40%
  2. BRCA2 - 10-30%
  3. TP53 - < 1%
  4. PTEN - < 1%
  5. Other Genes - 30-70%
    Note - 5-10% of breast cancers can be attributed to inherited factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the Histological Types of Non-Invasive Breast Cancer?

A
  1. Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)

2. Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS / LISN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the Histological Types of Invasive Breast Cancer?

A
  1. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma - 85%
  2. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma - 10%
  3. Special Type - 5%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the features of an “In Situ” Carcinoma?

A
  1. Pre-Invasive - Does not form a Palpable Tumour
  2. Not detected Clinically - Only X-Rays in DCIS Screening
  3. Multicentricity and Bilaterally - LCIS
  4. No Metastatic Spread (Basement Membrane)
  5. Risk of Invasion depending on Grade:
  6. a) Low Grade DCIS - 30% in 15 years
  7. b) High Grade DCIS - 50% in 8 years
  8. c) LCIS - 19% in 25 Years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the Histological Classification of the Special Types (5%) of Invasive Cancers?

A
  1. Tubular Carcinoma
  2. Mucinous Carcinoma
  3. Medullary Carcinoma
    Note - there are others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the Diagnostic Procedures for Breast Cancer?

A
  1. Clinical Examination
  2. Radiology
  3. Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Cytology
  4. Needle Core Biopsy
  5. Wide Local Excision with Adequate Margins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Screening Procedure for Breast Cancer?

A

Mammogram every 3 years for women 50-70 years old

Note - 30% reduction in mortality

17
Q

What are Microcalcifications?

A

Tiny deposits of Calcium which can appear anywhere in the Breast and often show up on a Mammogram
Note - Most women have 1+ areas and majority are harmless

18
Q

What are the 2 important Mammographic Indicators of Breast Cancers?

A
  1. Masses

2. Microcalcifications - Tiny flecks of Calcium like Grains of Salt

19
Q

What will a Histology Report include?

A
  1. Invasive vs Non-Invasive
  2. Histological Type - Ductal (85%) vs Lobular
  3. Grade - Estimate of aggression under the Microscope
  4. Size
  5. Margins
  6. Lymph Nodes
  7. Oestrogen / Progesterone Receptor (2/3 Positive)
  8. HER-2 / NEU
20
Q

How can Breast Cancer Spread?

A
  1. Local - To Skin / Pectoral Muscles
  2. Lymphatic - Axillary and Internal Mammary Nodes
  3. Haematologically - Bone / Liver / Lungs / Brain
21
Q

What are the indicators of Prognosis?

A
  1. Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) - Based on Size / Grade / Nodal Status
  2. Type
  3. Age
  4. Lymphovascular Space Invasion
  5. Oestrogen / Progesterone Receptors / HER-2
    Note - Overall 64% 5-Year Survival
22
Q

What are the Oestrogen / Progesterone Receptors indicate in Breast Cancer?

A

Response to Hormonal Therapies - ER/PR Negative Tumours do not respond

23
Q

What does HER-2 indicate in Breast Cancer?

A

Predicts Response to Trastuzumab (about 20-30% positive)

24
Q

What are the Molecular Classifications of Breast Cancer?

A

Gene Expression, with 5 Subtypes:

  1. Luminal A - Oestrogen Receptor Positive
  2. Luminal B
  3. Basal-Like - Triple Negative
  4. HER-2 Positive
  5. Normal Breast-Like
25
What are the Features / Prevalence of Luminal A Subtype of Breast Cancer?
``` 1. Oestrogen Receptor - Positive (+/- Progesterone Receptor - Positive) 2. HER-2 - Negative 3. Low Ki67 Prevalence = 30-70% ```
26
What are the Features / Prevalence of Luminal B Subtype of Breast Cancer?
``` 1. Oestrogen Receptor - Positive (+/- Progesterone Receptor - Positive) 2. a) HER-2 - Positive 2. b) HER-2 - Negative with High Ki67 Prevalence = 10-20% ```
27
What are the Features / Prevalence of Basal-Like Subtype of Breast Cancer?
1. Oestrogen Receptor Negative 2. Progesterone Receptor Negative 3. HER-2 - Negative Prevalence = 15-20%
28
What are the Features / Prevalence of HER-2 Subtype of Breast Cancer?
1. Oestrogen Receptor - Negative 2. Progesterone Receptor - Negative 3. HER-2 - Positive Prevalence - 5-15%
29
How is Breast Cancer managed?
1. Staging 2. Surgery - Radical Mastectomy / Conserving Surgery / Wide Local Excision (WLE) - +/- Lymph Nodes 3. Radiotherapy 4. Anti-Hormone Therapy (Tamoxifen) 5. Chemotherapy
30
What is the cause of Paget's Disease of the Nipple?
It is a Result of Intraepithelial Spread of Intraductal Carcinoma
31
How does Paget's Disease present?
1. Large Pale-Staining Cells within the Epidermis 2. Limited to the Nipple / Extend to the Areola 3. Pain / Itching 4. Scaling and Redness 5. Ulceration / Crusting and Serous / Bloody Discharge if severe Note - often mistaken for Eczema
32
What are the 2 Male Pathology's of the Breast?
1. Gynecomastia - most common Clinical and Pathological Abnormality of the Male Breast 2. Carcinoma of the Male Breast - <1% of all breast Cancers
33
What is Gynecomastia?
Increase in Subareolar Tissue
34
What is Gynecomastia associated with?
1. Hyperthyroidism 2. Cirrhosis of the Liver 3. Chronic Renal Failure 4. Chronic Pulmonary Disease 5. Hypogonadism 6. Use of Hormonal Drugs - Oestrogen / Androgen 7. Use of other Drugs - Digitalis / Cimetidine / Spironolactone

3rd Year - Reproductive Diseases (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions