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microbio > chap 4 > Flashcards

chap 4 Flashcards

how microbes grow

1
Q

bacterial growth refers to

A

increase in population (not size)

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2
Q

direct counting and examples

A

count cells

with microscope, flow cytometer, spread plate, pour plate, filtration

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3
Q

viable direct counting methods

A

Spread plate and pour plate

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4
Q

indirect counting (mass or density)

A

weighing, spectrophotometry, genome amount

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5
Q

flow cytometer

A

fast, automated, living and dead cell sorter, total particle count,
analyzes: size, shape, topography, complexity, and sorts

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6
Q

serial dilution

A

used to create a plate with countable colonies, 30
and 300 colonies per plate, for viable direct counting

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7
Q

weighting cells reserved for

A

mold and filamentous bacteria

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8
Q

spectrophotometry

A

bacteria scatter light (more scattering, more bacteria)
measured in OD (optical density)

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9
Q

Spectrophotometry is used on - amounts of bacteria

A

large

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10
Q

4 bacteria phases of growth

A

lag, log/exponential, stationary, death

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11
Q

lag phase

A

bacteria get used to new environment, population undergoes metabolic activity

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12
Q

exponential phase

A

divides a shit ton

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13
Q

stationary

A

slowed growth rate, nutrients exhausted, death rate and growth rate balanced

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14
Q

death phase

A

deaths exceed growth

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15
Q

endospores

A

resting cells, stationary, highly resistant, made when nutrients are low, not reproduction

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16
Q

sporulation

A

endospore formation

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17
Q

Germination

A

spore returns to vegetative state

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18
Q

endospores produced by

A

bacteria
bacillus (yea idk) , clostridium (diff and botulism)

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19
Q

balanced growth

A

cell increases by the same proportion over any interval of time

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20
Q

chemostat

A

allows for log growth, used for long experiments, growth rate dependent of medium amount, cell density is constant

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21
Q

large scale industrial fermentation is done in

A

chemostat

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22
Q

the faster the cell grows,

A

the bigger the cell, more ribosomes, RNA, Protein, and DNA

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23
Q

Extremophiles condition examples

A

temperature, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, pH, oxygen, radiation

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24
Q

temperatures impact of microbial growth

A

membrane permeability and enzyme stability

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25
Q

max growth temp

A

highest temp microbe will grow

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26
Q

protein stability (thermophiles)

A

charged amino acid on surface to be stable, has mechanisms to correct (chaperons and heat shock proteins)

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27
Q

DNA stability adaptions (thermophiles)

A

positive supercoiled DNA, high mg, more DNA binding proteins

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28
Q

membrane stability adaptions (thermo)

A

special lip membranes, isoprenoids, ether bonds, bi/monolayer

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29
Q

decimal reduction time/ d value

A

time that 90% of population is killed

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30
Q

low temperature shift effect on microbe

A

may be lethal

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31
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure caused by going deeper into the ocean

32
Q

barotolerant

A

high pressure tolerance

33
Q

piezophiles

A

need high pressure

34
Q

peizophiles/baro mods

A

Unsaturated fatty acid, pressure resistant proteins, super negative supercoiled DNA

35
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure to remove water from cell, salty, hypertonic

36
Q

facultative halophiles

A

tolerates osmotic pressure, wants high salt concentration

37
Q

obligate halophiles

A

need high osmotic pressure to grow like high salt, hypertonic

38
Q

acidophiles

A

ph below 5
ex molds and yeast

39
Q

alkalophiles

A

ph 8.5 to 11.5

40
Q

buffers to maintain pH

A

phosphate salt, peptone, amino acids

41
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen

42
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

can use oxygen, will use anaerobic respiration when needed

43
Q

microaerophile

A

aerobic, need less than oxygen than in air tho

44
Q

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

A

converts superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

45
Q

catalase

A

antioxidant enzyme, aerobic hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

46
Q

clostridium perfringens

A

causes gas gangrene

47
Q

obligate anaerobe can be pathogens

A

true

48
Q

radiation damages cells by

A

cleaving bonds, abnormal bond formed, o2 radicals

49
Q

radiation resistant adaptation

A

multiple chromosome copies, strong DNA repair system

50
Q

gram negative cell division

A

envelope constriction at mid cell

51
Q

gram positive cell division

A

divison spetum

52
Q

binary cell division

A

protoplasm doubled and then the cell is split

53
Q

FtsZ

A

introduced Z ring (partition)

54
Q

FtsZ is used inwhat organisms

A

most prokaryotes, chloroplast, mitochondria

55
Q

alternates to fission

A

budding, progeny cell generation, diameter increase and longitudinal divide

56
Q

budding

A

uneven break for cellular divisions
ex. yeast

57
Q

progeny cells sticking

A

new cells generate, but don’t split
ex streptobacili

58
Q

colony-forming unit

A

visible bacterial colonies on solid media

59
Q

Turbidity

A

count bacteria by the clarity of the liquid, measures as optical density (form viable organisms)

60
Q

Turbidity testing procedure

A

shine a light on test tube of microbes and measure the % of transmission

61
Q

Turbidity faults

A

won’t detect contaminants

62
Q

plasmolysis

A

plasma shrinks and cell loses water in a hypertonic environments
(salt or sugar)

63
Q

microscope direct counting

A

requires dense cultures, cells/area (proportional to volume), counts living and dead cells

64
Q

pour plate

A

microbe is melting into the medium and swirled

65
Q

spread plate

A

microbe is introduced to medium and spread

66
Q

flitration counting

A

for lakes and shit, water passed thru filter and then its cooked up, detects shit

67
Q

Psychrophile

A

ideal growth temp is 5C

68
Q

mesophille

A

ideal growth temp is 37C

69
Q

hypertherophile

A

ideal growth at 80C +

70
Q

food preservation red zone

A

20C-50C

71
Q

what pressure is used to preserve food

A

osmotic (draws water out so bacteria cannot grow)

72
Q

normal bacterial ph grow range

A

7.4-8

73
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

oxygen bad

74
Q

catalase and superoxide dismutase

A

enzymes that reduce toxic oxygen compounds

75
Q

why could oxygen be toxic

A

strong asf reducing agent

superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl
radical: oxidizing agents that destroy cell components

76
Q

binary cell division steps

A

The cell grows, DNA is copied during replication,
The cell forms a new septum, splits

microbio (21 decks)

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