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biochemistry > 1.5 – Proteins and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

1.5 – Proteins and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acid

A

a
molecule that consists
of a carboxyl group and
an amino group

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2
Q

What are the most diverse
group of molecules in living
systems?

A

Proteins (thousands within your own body)

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3
Q

Roles of proteins

A

structural and
functional roles (Spider webs, human hair,
muscle tissue, egg whites)

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4
Q

What are Proteins Made of?

A

amino acids

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5
Q

what are proteins

A

large molecules made up of amino
acids with a distinct three dimensional shape (CHON)

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6
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

20 different types of amino
acids (20 different types of R Groups)

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7
Q

Differences in the R Groups gives each
amino acid different _______

A

properties

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8
Q

R Groups may be:

A

positive/negative,
polar/non-polar or may act as
acids/bases

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9
Q

What are essential amino acids - how many

A

amino acids that need
to be acquired through diet (8)

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10
Q

8 essential amino acids

A

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan,
Methionine, Threonine, and Lysine

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11
Q

Non-Essential Amino Acids - how many

A

amino acids that
can be made in the body (12 amino acids)

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12
Q

7 types of proteins

A

Structural, defensive, signal, carrier, recognition & receptor, enzyme, motile

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13
Q

Structural protein function and examples

A

Provides a framework of
support - Hair, tendons, ligaments

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14
Q

Defensive protein function and examples

A

Fights infections - Antibodies

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15
Q

Signal protein function and examples

A

Carries messages - hormones

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16
Q

Carrier protein function and examples

A

Transports materials - Hemoglobin (carries oxygen)

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17
Q

Recognition &
Receptor protein function and examples

A

Cellular markers - Major Histocompatibility
Complex

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18
Q

Enzyme protein function and examples

A

Reaction Catalyst - Amylase

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19
Q

Motile protein function and examples

A

Movement - Actin and myosin

20
Q

How are proteins made?

A

Build by are built by attaching (attaching a NH2
group to a COOH group by Dehydration
Synthesis)

21
Q

Peptide bond

A

Resulting bond when proteins are attached via dehydration synthesis

22
Q

Peptide

A

a chain of
amino acids

23
Q

Polypeptide

A

a peptide with more than 50
amino acids

24
Q

How many levels of protein structure are there

A

4: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

25
Q

Primary Structure

A

chain of amino acids

26
Q

Secondary Structure

A

coiling/folding of
amino acid chains

27
Q

Why does secondary structure occur?

A

because of hydrogen bonding between
different amino acids

28
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

folding of protein caused by
R-group interactions (side groups interact)

29
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

linking several separate
polypeptide chains

30
Q

Denaturation

A

the loss of both the structure
and function of a protein

31
Q

proteins only function in:

A

a specific set of
environmental conditions.

32
Q

Changes in ______________ can alter the
shape of proteins causing them to no longer
function

A

pH and Temperature

33
Q

Protein Prosthetic Groups

A

Proteins can also bond
with non-protein
structures (Ex. Hemoglobin carries
oxygen with the help of
four Heme Groups
which contain Iron)

34
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

serve as the assembly
instructions for all proteins in living organisms.

35
Q

Two types of Nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

36
Q

DNA function

A

stores hereditary information (master copy)

37
Q

RNA function

A

involved in protein synthesis and is the
hereditary molecule of some viruses

38
Q

monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

39
Q

Nucleotides consists of

A

a sugar, phosphate
group, and a
nitrogenous base

40
Q

Two types of nitrogen bases:

A

purines
and pyrimidines

41
Q

Purines

A

double ringed (adenine and guanine)

42
Q

pyrimidines

A

single ringed (uracil, thymine, cytosine)

43
Q

What is DNA and RNA

A

chains of nucleotides,
joined together by the phosphate and the
sugar by phosphodiester bonds

44
Q

structure of DNA

A

double stranded, nitrogen bases A,T,G,C, and deoxyribose
sugar

45
Q

structure of RNA

A

single stranded,
nitrogen bases A,U,G,C, and ribose sugar

46
Q

Apart from forming nucleic acids, nucleotides also perform:

A

many functions in cells (ATP and GTP are nucleotides that transport energy)

biochemistry (9 decks)

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