1.1 the fundamental chemistry of life

Question 1

matter is made up of

Answer 1

atoms

Question 2

what are elements?

Answer 2

pure substances

Question 3

what are organic compounds?

Answer 3

compounds that contain carbon (may also have H and O)

Question 4

living things are mostly made up of (list percentage)

Answer 4

CHON - 96%

Question 5

living things also contain (4%)

Answer 5

Chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, Sulphur, sodium, magnesium

Question 6

trace elements are: (<0.1%)

Answer 6

iodine and iron

Question 7

atoms are composed of:

Answer 7

protons neutrons and electrons

Question 8

what determines the type of element?

Answer 8

protons

Question 9

T or F? atoms are neutral

Answer 9

T

Question 10

What is atomic mass?

Answer 10

weight of protons and neutrons

Question 11

What is an isotope?

Answer 11

form of an element with same # of protons but different # of neutrons

Question 12

T or F? Isotopes behave the same in a reaction

Answer 12

T

Question 13

Radioisotopes

Answer 13

unstable isotope that decays, giving off radiation - transforms into an atom of another element

Question 14

Example of a radioisotope

Answer 14

14C is unstable - one neutron splits into an electron + proton - decays into 14N

Question 15

Radioactive decay

Answer 15

occurs at a steady and
measurable rate

Question 15

Anion

Answer 15

negative ion

Question 15

Use of radioactive decay

Answer 15

used to determine the
age of rocks and fossils

Question 15

Radioactive tracers

Answer 15

radioisotopes used
to trace the path of atoms throughout the body

Question 15

Cation

Answer 15

positive ion

Question 16

Covalent Bonds

Answer 16

atoms SHARE valence
electrons

Question 16

Ionic Bond

Answer 16

between two
oppositely charged atoms/molecules

Question 16

Electronegativity

Answer 16

measure
of an atom’s attraction to shared
electrons

Question 16

High electronegativity

Answer 16

strong attraction of e-

Question 16

Low electronegativity

Answer 16

weak attraction of e-

Question 17

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 17

unequal sharing of electrons

Question 18

Are polar molecules water soluble?

Answer 18

generally yes

Question 19

Are non-polar molecules soluble in water?

Answer 19

generally not water soluble

Question 20

Intermolecular forces

Answer 20

Forces of attraction between molecules

Question 21

3 types of intermolecular forces

Answer 21

Hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole, van der waal forces

Question 22

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 22

attractive force between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and a slightly negative atom in another molecule

Question 23

Dipole - Dipole

Answer 23

attractive force between slightly positive atoms (not hydrogen) and a slightly negative atom in another molecule

Question 24

van der Waal Forces

Answer 24

very weak attractions between two molecules, or parts of molecules when they are close together

Question 25

how do van der waal forces form

Answer 25

Form from the momentary attractions of electrons to nuclei of other molecules

Question 26

True or false: Smaller molecules have larger forces of attraction than larger molecules

Answer 26

F

Question 27

4 Main common biological reactions:

Answer 27

Dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, neutralization, redox

Question 28

Dehydration Reaction (Condensation reaction):

Answer 28

Join 2 molecules by removing water - takes energy to make complex structures (one molecule loses H, the other loses -OH)

Question 29

Hydrolysis

Answer 29

splitting a larger molecule apart by adding water - gives off energy (adds -OH to one molecule and H to the other)

Question 30

Neutralization Reaction

Answer 30

a reaction in which an acid + base combine to create a salt + water

Question 31

Redox reaction

Answer 31

an electron transfer reaction

Question 32

Reduction

Answer 32

gaining of electrons

Question 33

Oxidation

Answer 33

loss of electrons