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Head and Neck > 14) The Pharynx > Flashcards

14) The Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the pharynx:

A

Muscular tube from base of skull to C6, becomes continuous with oesophagus

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2
Q

What does the posterior wall of the pharynx lie against?

A

Pre-vertebral layer of deep cervical fascia

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3
Q

Describe the location of the nasopharynx:

A

Base of skull to upper border of soft palate (C1 to C2)

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4
Q

What is anterior to the nasopharynx?

A

Nasal cavity, opens into nasopharynx by choanae

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5
Q

What structures are contained in the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and opening of Eustachian tube

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6
Q

What problems can enlarged adenoids cause?

A

Can block nasal air flow, block ET opening or harbour chronic infection that can transmit to ET or sinuses

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7
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of otitis media (caused by Eustachian tube dysfunction):

A

Negative pressure in middle ear if ET is blocked, draws transudate from mucosa, allowing an environment for bacteria to proliferate

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8
Q

Describe the location of the oropharynx:

A

Soft palate to epiglottis (C2 to C3)

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9
Q

What is anterior to the oropharynx?

A

Oral cavity

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10
Q

Describe the position of the palatine tonsils:

A

Either side, between palatoglossus and palatopharyngeal arches

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11
Q

Describe the location of the laryngopharynx:

A

Epiglottis to inferior cricoid cartilage (C3 to C6)

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12
Q

What is anterior to the laryngopharynx?

A

Larynx

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13
Q

What are the piriform fossa/recesses and what are their function?

A

Small depression on either side of laryngeal inlet

Allow route for food and fluid to oesophagus that avoids larynx

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14
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx and their innervation?

A

Stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
Palatopharyngeus (CN X)
Salpingopharyngeus (CN X)

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15
Q

What are the functions of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

Elevate, shorten and widen pharynx during swallowing

Elevate larynx during swallowing

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16
Q

What are the 3 outer circular muscles of the pharynx and their innervation?

A

Superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

17
Q

What are the two parts of the inferior constrictor muscle?

A

Thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal

18
Q

What is the function of outer circular muscles?

A

Constrict walls of pharynx when swallowing (peristalsis)

19
Q

What is Killian’s dehiscence?

A

Area of weakness between 2 parts of inferior constrictor

20
Q

When is a pharyngeal pouch likely to form?

A

Incoordination of pharynx in swallowing so increased pressure in pharynx causing pharyngeal mucosa to herniate through Killian’s dehiscence

21
Q

What are some symptoms of a pharyngeal pouch?

A

Dysphagia, regurgitation and bad breath

22
Q

What is the sensory supply to the different parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx - maxillary nerve
Oropharynx - glossopharyngeal nerve
Laryngopharynx - vagus nerve

23
Q

Why is care needed when performing a tonsillectomy?

A

Profuse bleeding due to rich blood supply

24
Q

Where are foreign bodies likely to lodge in the pharynx?

A

Piriform fossa

25
Q

Describe the 1st stage of swallowing:

A

Oral: making bolus and tongue pushing it to oropharynx

26
Q

Describe the 2nd stage of swallowing:

A 
Pharyngeal:
Soft palate and tongue elevate
Suprahyoid and longitudinal elevate larynx and widen pharynx
Epiglottis closes over larynx
Constrictors transport bolus
27
Q

Describe the 3rd stage of swallowing:

A

Oesophageal: Peristalsis by striated muscle and lower smooth muscle

28
Q

What are some cause of dysphagia?

A 
Stroke
Progressive neurological disease - Parkinson's/MS
COPD
Dementia 
Infection and malignancy
29
Q

What are some symptoms of difficulty swallowing?

A 
Coughing and choking
Drooling 
Recurrent pneumonia
Wet voice 
Nasal regurgitation
30
Q

What are some interventions that can be made if someone is struggling to swallow?

A

Modify consistency of food
Modify swallow technique
Modify posture

Head and Neck (17 decks)

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