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Head and Neck > 10) Anatomy of Nose > Flashcards

10) Anatomy of Nose Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A 
Sense of smell 
Route for inspired air 
Filters air (removes particles by trapping in nasal hair or mucus)
Moistens and warms air 
Resonating chamber for speech
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2
Q

What gives the external nose shape?

A

Hyaline cartilage (located anteriorly)

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3
Q

Describe the features of the external nose:

A

Root (top)
Bridge (below root)
Tip/apex

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4
Q

What bones form the root of the nose?

A

Nasal bone and frontal process of maxilla

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5
Q

What is the nose susceptible to and why?

A

Fractures and septal deviation due to prominent position

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6
Q

Where does the nasal cavity run?

A

Nostrils to posterior nasal aperture (choana)

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7
Q

What is posterior to the nasal cavity?

A

Nasopharynx and Eustachian tube

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8
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla and inferior concha

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9
Q

What forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer

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10
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Hard palate (maxilla and palatine) and soft palate

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11
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid

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12
Q

What is the path of CSF in CSF rhinorrhoea?

A

Crista gala perforates meninges, CSF leaks through cribriform plate

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13
Q

What is a septal haematoma?

A

Trauma to nose leads to buckling of septum and shearing of BVs causing blood to accumulate between perichondrium and cartilage

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14
Q

What can occur if a septal haematoma is left untreated?

A

Avascular necrosis of cartilaginous septum and saddling of nasal dorsum
Also, infection leading to septal abscess

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15
Q

What is the function of the concha on the lateral wall of nasal cavity?

A

Slow airflow and increase SA for humidification and warming of air

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16
Q

What is the relevance of the spheno-ethmoidal recess?

A

Where some sinuses drain into nasal cavity

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17
Q

What is the majority of epithelium of nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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18
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into the nasal cavity?

A

Inferior meatus

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19
Q

How does the epithelium of the nasal cavity carry out functions of the nose?

A

Filters - mucus and cilia
Warms - rich blood supply
Humidifies - watery secretions

20
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Fleshy, benign swellings arising from nasal mucosa, usually both sides
Greater than 40 years

21
Q

What are the symptoms of nasal polyps?

A

Blocked nose
Watery rhinorrhoea
Post nasal drip
Decreased smell and taste

22
Q

How does a nasal tumour present?

A

Unilateral polyp with blood tinged secretion

23
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflamm of nasal mucosa lining

24
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinitis?

A 
Nasal congestion
Rhinorrhoea
Sneezing
Irritation 
Post nasal drip
25
Q

What are the causes of rhinitis?

A

Acute infective rhinitis, allergic rhinitis

26
Q

Describe the blood supply to the nasal cavity:

A

Branches of ophthalmic artery (ICA) - ant and pos ethmoidal

Branch of maxillary artery (ECA) - sphenopalantine (posterior septum)

27
Q

What is the clinical relevance of Kiesselbach’s area?

A

Where anastomoses occur, 90% of nose bleeds from here

28
Q

Why are nose bleeds from sphenopalantine artery worse?

A

Hard to stop as posterior and blood is at higher pressure

29
Q

What is the venous drainage of the nasal cavity?

A

Cavernous sinus, facial vein and pterygoid plexus

30
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses:

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary

31
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces lined with respiratory mucosa

32
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Help humidify and warm air, lighten skull

33
Q

How do the sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?

A

Via ostia, most into middle meatus

34
Q

What can cause sinusitis?

Where is it most likely?

A

Infections spreading from nasal cavity
Obstruction of drainage
Maxillary Sinus

35
Q

What are some important anatomical relations to the sinuses?

A

Orbit and anterior cranial fossa (frontal and ethmoidal)

Roots of upper teeth (maxillary)

36
Q

What is acute sinusitis?

A

Acute inflammation of lining of sinus lasting less than 4 weeks
Commonly infective or secondary to cold

37
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of acute sinusitis:

A

Infection leads to reduced ciliary function, mucosal oedema and increased nasal secretions. This impedes drainage and stagnant secretions are breeding ground for bacteria

38
Q

What are the symptoms of acute sinusitis?

A

Non-resolving cold
Pyrexia
Rhinorrhoea with discharge
Headache/facial pain in area of sinus (worse leaning forward)

39
Q

What conditions can increase the risk of sinusitis?

A

Conditions blocking ostia e.g. polyps or deviated septum

Dental infection

40
Q

What is the treatment for sinusitis?

A

Self limiting, but may need antibiotics

41
Q

What is a complication of sinusitis?

A

Orbital cellulitis

42
Q

What is the nerve supply to the nasal cavity and sinuses?

A

Antero-superior part of cavity and most sinuses - ophthalmic nerve (CN Va)
Postero-inferior part and maxillary sinus - maxillary nerve (CN Vb)

43
Q

What is epistaxis and how can it be self-treated?

A

Nose bleed, pinch nose in front of bony bridge

44
Q

What can cause nose bleeds?

A

Spontaneous, minor trauma, abnormal coagulation or CT disorders

45
Q

What is the treatment for nose bleeds if compression fails?

A

Cauterise
Anterior packing or nasal tampons
Posterior packing
Surgery e.g. ligation

Head and Neck (17 decks)

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