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Head and Neck > 1) General Organisation of Head & Neck > Flashcards

1) General Organisation of Head & Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the palpable features of the anterior neck?

A

Hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

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2
Q

What is the function of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage?

A

Support and protect underlying larynx

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3
Q

What muscles attach at the hyoid bone?

A

Supra and infra-hyoid muscles

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4
Q

What are the three main muscles of the neck?

A

Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

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5
Q

Describe the position of platysma:

A

Anterolateral neck, superficial

Overlies sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

What is the function of platysma?

A

Draws corners of mouth inferiorly

Draws skin of neck superiorly

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7
Q

What is the nerve supply to platysma?

A

Facial nerve

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8
Q

What are the functions of sternocleidomastoid?

A

Lateral flexion of neck, rotates chin superiorly

Together: flex neck and extend at atlanto-occipital joint

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9
Q

What is the nerve supply to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve

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10
Q

What is the function of trapezius?

in terms of the neck

A

Elevates and rotates scapula - shrug shoulders

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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Inferior margin of mandible
Anterior margin of SCM
Midline of neck

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12
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Posterior margin of SCM
Anterior margin of trapezius
Clavicle

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13
Q

Why are the anatomical triangles of the neck important?

A

Defining pathology as different structures e.g. LN chains run in the triangles

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14
Q

What are the functions of cervical fascia?

A

Form natural planes
Allows ease of movement between structure e.g. when swallowing
Contains spread of infection

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15
Q

What does the superficial cervical fascia contain?

What type of connective tissue is it?

A

Loose CT containing fat, platysma, cutaneous nerves, lymph nodes and superficial blood vessels

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16
Q

What are the layers of deep cervical fascia?

A

Investing layer
Carotid sheath
Pre-tracheal fascia
Pre-vertebral fascia

17
Q

What are the two layers of the pre-tracheal fascia?

A

Muscular and visceral

18
Q

How can you tell if a swelling in the neck is a goitre?

A

Will move upon swallowing

19
Q

What are the complications of a goitre?

A

Compress trachea: breathlessness and stridor

Compress veins: facial oedema

20
Q

What is contained in the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve

21
Q

What does the pre-vertebral layer surround?

A

Vertebral column and associated muscles

22
Q

What is the clinical significance of the retropharyngeal space?

A

Allows infection to spread into the mediastinum = mediastinitis

23
Q

Which other space runs into the thorax?

A

Pre-tracheal space

24
Q

What fascia splits the retropharyngeal space into two?

What is the posterior area called?

A

Alar fascia

Danger space

25
Q

What are the three key branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

26
Q

What cranial nerves are the trigeminal and facial nerve?

A

Cranial nerve V and cranial nerve VII respectively

27
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of mastication

Main sensory to face and scalp

28
Q

What are the five key branches of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

29
Q

What does the facial nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of facial expression

Special sensory to tongue-taste, PSNS to salivary and lacrimal glands

30
Q

What is the main arterial supply to the face?

A

Common carotid via internal and external carotid (facial artery)

31
Q

What is the main venous drainage of the face?

A

Internal jugular via facial vein

32
Q

Give examples of the muscles of mastication:

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Pterygoids (lateral and medial)

33
Q

Give examples of the muscles of facial expression:

A 
Orbicularis oculi 
Levator palpebrae superioris 
Occipitofrontalis 
Buccinator 
Zygomaticus 
Orbicularis oris
34
Q

What is the danger area of the scalp and what does this mean?

A

Loose CT, allows spread of infection to meninges

35
Q

What is the arterial supply to the scalp? (broad)

A

External carotid and ophthalmic arteries

36
Q

What is the nerve supply to the scalp? (broad)

A

Trigeminal and cervical nerves

37
Q

Why do scalp lacerations bleed profusely?

A

Pull of occipitofrontalis prevents closure of bleeding vessels and skin
Vasoconstriction prevented by adherence of blood vessels to dense CT
Many anastomoses

38
Q

What is the clinical significance of the path of the facial nerve?

A

Passes through parotid gland where it can be damaged e.g. tumour or surgery

Head and Neck (17 decks)

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