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BIOLOGY > 13.3 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

13.3 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

What makes up ATP?

A

A ribose sugar
3 phosphate groups
Nitrogenous base (adenine)

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3
Q

Name the 2 uses of ATP

A

Provides energy for active transport/muscle contraction/protein synthesis
Phosphorylation

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4
Q

What its phosphorylation?

A

When a phosphate molecule binds to an enzyme to lower the activation energy and increase the reactivity by altering the tertiary structure

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5
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

via ADP and phosphate group (Pi)

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6
Q

Why is ATP easily broken?

A

The bond between the second and third phosphate group is easily broken and releases small amounts of energy

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7
Q

Why is ATP useful?

A
  • Releases small amounts of energy
  • Easily reformed
  • Single step process
  • Immediate release of energy
  • Phosphorylates to make enzyme more reactive
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8
Q

Contrast the structure of ATP and DNA

A

DNA has a deoxyribose sugar whereas ATP has a ribose sugar
DNA has 1 phosphate molecule whereas ATP has 3
ATP always has adenine as its base whereas DNA either has cytosine, thymine, guanine or adenine

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9
Q

What does NADP stand for?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

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10
Q

What does NADP act as?

A

Hydrogen acceptor

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11
Q

What is NADPH?

A

Reducing agent

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12
Q

What happens when NADPH loses a hydrogen?

A

Becomes oxidised to NADP

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13
Q

What is NADP?

A

Coenzyme
- molecule that binds to support the function of an enzyme

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14
Q

Name all the components of a chloroplast

A

Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid membrain
Stroma
Free DNA
70s ribosomes
Starch grains
Inner and outer membrane

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15
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> Glucose + oxygen

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16
Q

What is the number equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

17
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent reaction
Light independent reaction

18
Q

Photoionisation definition

A

When light energy excites energy levels of electrons in chlorophyll

19
Q

Photolysis definition

A

The splitting up of water with light to produce 2 protons, 2 electrons and 1/2 oxygen

20
Q

Phosphorylation definition

A
21
Q

Where does LDR take place?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

22
Q

what does the LDR result in?

A

Production of ATP and NADPH

23
Q

Describe the light dependent reaction

A
  1. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy via photoionisation
  2. Excites electrons to a higher energy level, the chlorophyll is oxidised
  3. The electrons travel down an electron transport chains, releasing energy
  4. Energy is released by the electrons used to form the proton gradient
  5. H+ ions diffuse through ATP synthase (photophosphorylation)
  6. This provides energy too join ADP and Pi, to form ATP
  7. Photolysis of the water produces 2 protons, 2 electrons and 1/2 oxygen molecules
  8. NADP reduced by electrons and protons
24
Q

Photolysis equation

A

2H2O –> 2H+ + 2e- + 1/2O2

25
Q

What are the two essential things needed for the LDR?

A

NADPH
ATP

26
Q

Chemiosmotic theory definition

A

The movement of ions (protons) across a membrane down an electrochemical gradient (usually established through redox reactions and activation of proton pumps)

27
Q

What does weed killer do?

A

Stop electrons being released from the chlorophyll
Less ATP
No reduced NADP can be formed

28
Q

What does the use of fluorescence do?

A

Electron transport chain not available for excited electron
Electron cannot leave chlorophyll and lose energy via the electron transport chain
This releases energy as light or heat

29
Q

In plants, ATP is produced in the LDR, suggest why this is not the plants only source of ATP?

A

Plants doing photosynthesise in the dark
Not all parts of the plant photosynthesise (roots)
Plants require more ATP than is produced in the LDR
ATP is used in active transport

30
Q

Describe the effect of introducing a herbicide on the electron transport chain

A

Reduced transport of protons across thylakoid membrane
Reduced chemiosmotic gradient
Reduced ATP produced
Reduced NADP produced
Slower LDR

31
Q

What are the three stages of the light independent reaction?

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration

32
Q

Describe the light independent reaction

A

Carbon dioxide combines with RuBP with the enzyme ribisco to form 2 GP molecules. hey are reduced to two ribose phosphate molecules with the energ from ATP and reduced NADP. Some triose phosphate molecules are converted into amino acids, or starch or cellulose. Most triose phosphate molecules are regenerated into RuBP via the phosphate from AP

33
Q

How is the Calvin cycle controlled?

A

Enzymes

34
Q

Describe fixation in the Calvin cycle

A

RuBP acts as a carbon dioxide acceptor and is catalysed by the enzyme rubisco. he CO2 reacts with the RuBP to form two molecules of GP.

35
Q

Describe reduction in the Calvin cycle

A

The two GP molecules are reduced to 2 triose phosphate molecules, this required NADP and the energy from ATP. Some of the triose phosphate molecules are converted into useful organic compounds - carbohydrates,amino acids and triglycerides

36
Q

Describe the regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle

A

Most triose phosphate molecules are used to regenerate RuBP using phosphate from ATP

37
Q

How is the chloroplast adapted to maximising the rate of photosynthesis in the stroma?

A

The chloroplast has its own DNA to transcribe and translate its own proteins needed in the light independent reaction
It also has a large surface area to allow as much light as possible to be absorbed, this increases the rate of the light dependent reaction and therefore photosynthesis.

38
Q

What are the three factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Temperature
  • Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Light intensity and wavelength

BIOLOGY (23 decks)

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