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BIOLOGY > 12.14 Biodiversity > Flashcards

12.14 Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity definition

A

The number of species and the number of individuals of each different species in a community

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2
Q

Species richness definition

A

The number of different species in a community

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3
Q

Community definition

A

All the individuals of all the species living together in the same area at the same time

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4
Q

Species definition

A

A group of similar organisms with the same genes that reproduce top produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

Genetic diversity definition

A

Difference in DNA

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6
Q

Niche definition

A

An organisms role in the community
Describes how it interacts with other species and how it responds to the environment

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7
Q

Habitat definition

A

A place where organisms usually live within an ecosystem

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8
Q

What does higher diversity index suggest?

A

Greater the species diversity

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9
Q

What does d stand for in the diversity index equation?

A

Species diversity index

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10
Q

What does N stand for in the diversity index equation?

A

Total number of organisms of all species

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11
Q

What does n stand for in the diversity index equation?

A

Total number of organisms of each species

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12
Q

Compare and contrast the species richness and index of diversity (2)

A

The species richness and index of diversity both use the number of different species in a community
The index of diversity takes into consideration the number of organisms of each species, whereas the species richness doesn’t

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13
Q

What information is required to calculate an index of diversity for a particular community?

A

Number of species
Number or individuals in each species

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14
Q

Explain why an index of diversity may be a more useful measure of biodiversity than just the number of species present

A

It also measures the number of individuals of each species
Some species may be present in low/high quantities

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15
Q

Give 2 advantages of using an index of biodiversity rather than in indicator species

A

You do not need to identify the species
Index considers the number of individuals in each species

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16
Q

Suggest one economic argument for maintaining biodiversity

A

Financial by :
- Medicine
- Commercial products
- Tourism
- Agriculture
- Saving local forest communities

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17
Q

Explain why the diversity of insects decreased when a forest was cleared

A
  1. Decrease in variety of plants
  2. Fewer habitats
  3. Decrease in variety of food sources
  4. Aspect of clearing forest killed insects (pesticides, machinery)
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18
Q

Farmers clear tropical forest and grow crops. Explain how this decreases the diversity of insects in the area

A
  1. Lower diversity of plants
  2. Fewer sources of food
  3. Fewer habitats
  4. Fewer species of herbivore so fewer species of carnivore
  5. Aspect of agriculture kills insects
19
Q

Name the taxonomist group between order and genus

A

Family

20
Q

Explain what is meant by a hierarchy

A

Groups within groups
No overlap between groups

21
Q

Explain what is meant by a phylogenetic group

A

Grouped according to evolutionary links or common ancestry

22
Q

Give two ways in which courtship increases the probability of successful mating

A
  1. Attracts same species
  2. Attracts opposite sex
  3. Indication of sexual mating
  4. Stimulates release of gametes
  5. Form pair bond
23
Q

Describe how comparisons of biological molecules in two species could be used to find out if they are closely related

A

Compare DNA
Sequence of bases
Compare cytochrome C (mitochondria)
Sequence of amino acids

24
Q

Give two ways doctors could use base sequences to compare the different types of HPV

A
  1. Compare DNA base sequences
  2. Compare mRNA base sequences
  3. Look for mutations
25
Q

Comparing the base sequence of genes provides more evolutionary information than comparing the structure of proteins
Explain why

A

Reference to base triplets, more bases than amino acids
Introns
Degeneracy of code, more than one code for each amino acid

26
Q

What is the order of classification of animals?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

27
Q

What is classification?

A

The grouping of organisms

28
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The theory and practice of classification

29
Q

What is the binomial naming system of animals?

A

Means each species has a two-word scientific name
It is universal and used by all scientists

30
Q

What is the binomial species name for humans?

A

Homo sapiens

31
Q

Name the three domains

A

Bacteria - prokaryotes
Archaea - ancient bacteria
Eukarya

32
Q

What are bacteria and what do they have?

A

Single celled prokaryotes
- No membrane bound organelle
- Smaller ribosome (70S)
Cell wall made from murein
- Circular DNA not associated with histones

33
Q

What are archaea and what do they have?

A

Single celled prokaryotes. They resemble bacteria but are slightly different
- Genes and protein synthesis mechanisms similar to eukaryotes
- Fatty acids and glycerols joined by ether bonds, not ester
- No murein cell walls
- More complex RNA polymerase

34
Q

Name the 4 kingdoms in the eukaryotic domain

A

Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

35
Q

What is phylogenetics

A

The study of patterns of evolutionary history

36
Q

What have all organisms evolved from?

A

A shared common ancestor

37
Q

How are organisms more closely related?

A

They share a common ancestor more recently

38
Q

Why do organisms show courtship behaviour?

A

To attract a mate of the same species but opposite sex

39
Q

Why is courtship behaviour important?

A

To ensure reproductive success

40
Q

Name the 4 types of modern classification methods

A

Frequency of measurable characteristics
Base sequence of DNA
Base sequence of mRNA
Amino acid sequence of the proteins encoded by DNA and mRNA

41
Q

Why can you not always observe an animals reproductive behaviour?

A

Can be extinct
Reproduce asexually
Practical or ethical issues

42
Q

How can we see if organisms are related via proteins?

A

If two organisms are closely related, they will have similar DNAbase sequences and therefore code for very similar amino acids

43
Q

How can we see if organisms are closely related via immunological comparisons?

A

Antigens bind specifically to the complimentary antibodies and caused them to agglutinate
This forms clumps which can precipitate out of solution
if antibodies from one species can bind to the protein of another species then they likely shared a common ancestor recently

BIOLOGY (23 decks)

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