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BIOLOGY > 12.1 Carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

12.1 Carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Monomers definition

A

Small, identical molecules that can join together by condensation reaction to form polymers

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2
Q

Polymers definition

A

3 or more similar or identical monomers that join together by condensation reaction

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3
Q

Condensation reaction definition

A

Joins two monomer molecules together
Removes water to form a bond

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4
Q

Hydrolysis reaction definition

A

Breaks a bond between two monomers
Forms one water molecule

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5
Q

Monosaccharides bond and example

A

Glycosidic bond
Starch, glycogen and cellulose

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6
Q

Amino acids bond and example

A

Peptide bond
Haemoglobin

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7
Q

Nucleotides bond and example

A

Phosphodiester bond
RNA or DNA nucleotides

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8
Q

What monosaccharides is maltose made from?

A

Two alpha glucose monosaccharides

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9
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses maltose?

A

Maltase

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10
Q

What monosaccharides is lactose made from?

A

Alpha glucose and galactose

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11
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses lactose?

A

Lactase

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12
Q

What monosaccharides is sucrose made from?

A

Alpha glucose and fructose

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13
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses maltose?

A

Maltase

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14
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between the structures of amylose and amylopectin

A

Similarities:
- Both have 1-4 glycosidic bonds
- Both are insoluble so don’t affect the water potential of the cell
- Both alpha glucose
- Both large so can’t diffuse out of the cell
Differences:
- Amylopectin has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds whereas amylose just has 1-4
- Amylose is straight whereas amylopectin is branched
- Amylose is compact so good for storage whereas amylopectin has a large surface area for rapid hydrolysis of glucose for respiration

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15
Q

Describe the structure of amylose

A

Amylose is a straight, unbranched chain of alpha glucose
It has 1-4 glycosidic bonds which coil into an alpha helix
It is insoluble so doesn’t affect the water potential of the cell
It is compact so good for storage
It is large so doesn’t diffuse out of the cell

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16
Q

Describe the structure of amylopectin

A

Amylopectin is branched chains of alpha glucose
It has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
It has a large surface area for rapid hydrolysis of glucose for respiration
It is large so doesn’t diffuse out of the cell
It is insoluble so doesn’t affect the water potential

17
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Only in animal cells
It is usually stored in the liver and muscles

18
Q

How is glycogen different to starch?

A

Glycogen has shorter chains, more branches and a larger surface area

19
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A

Cellulose is ling unbranched chains of beta glucose
It has 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Each beta glucose is inverted 180 to its neighbouring unit
It has many weak hydrogen bonds between the layers that form microfibrils to provide strength and rigidity

20
Q

What are the 3 tests for carbohydrates?

A

Iodine
Reducing sugars
Non reducing sugars

21
Q

What is the Benedict’s test for reducing sugars?

A

Add Benedict’s solution to a sample
Heat to 95C
Brick red precipitate forms if reducing sugar is present

22
Q

What is the Benedict’s test for non reducing sugars?

A

If there is no change to the Benedict’s test
- Heat with acid
- Neutralise with alkali
- Add Benedict’s reagent
- Heat to 95C
- Brick red precipitate forms if non reducing sugar present

23
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add potassium iodine to sample
Blue/black indicates starch present

24
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids

25
Q

Describe the structure of triglycerides

A

Contains 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
Ester bonds formed between the carboxyl group of the fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of the glycerol

26
Q

Describe the structure of phospholipids

A

Contains 2 fatty acids, a glycerol and a phosphate group
Hydrophilic, non-polar phosphate group and hydrophobic fatty acid tails
forms bilayers and micelles in water

27
Q

Unsaturated definition

A

Contains C=C within the hydrocarbon chain

28
Q

Saturated definition

A

No C=C within the hydrocarbon chain

BIOLOGY (23 decks)

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