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BIOLOGY > 12.11 Haemoglobin > Flashcards

12.11 Haemoglobin Flashcards

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1
Q

When does oxygen get transported by haemoglobin and not simple diffusion?

A

For the transport of organisms that are too large for simple diffusion

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2
Q

Affinity definition

A

Chemical attraction

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3
Q

Saturation definition

A

Full of oxygen (full load)

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4
Q

Loading definition

A

Gaining oxygen onto haemoglobin

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5
Q

Unloading definition

A

Unloading oxygen in haemoglobin to tissues

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6
Q

Partial pressure definition (pO2)

A

The proportion of oxygen in a mixture of gases or a solution

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7
Q

Where is saturated haemoglobin found?

A

After it has been to the lungs

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8
Q

Where is unsaturated haemoglobin found?

A

Before it has passed through the lungs

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9
Q

What is unsaturated haemoglobin needed for?

A

Aerobind respiration to produce ATP

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10
Q

What is the structure off haemoglobin?

A

A quaternary structure with four polypeptide chains, each containing a haem group.

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11
Q

What affinity does haemoglobin haver to oxygen?

A

A high affinity

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12
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can each haemoglobin combine with?

A

Four oxygen molecules

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13
Q

When oxygen and haemoglobin combing, what is it called?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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14
Q

Percentage saturation of haemoglobin equation

A

Oxygenated / haemoglobin x 100

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15
Q

Why is the first oxygen molecule important?

A

The first oxygen molecule alters the tertiary structure, making the binding site easier to bind to oxygen

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16
Q

The more the more the more

A

The more oxygen is in the blood, the more oxygen is loaded onto haemoglobin, the more saturated there haemoglobin is

17
Q

What is the name of the partial pressure curve?

A

Sigmoid curve

18
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in capillaries?

A

High

19
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in respiring tissues?

A

Lower

20
Q

Why is the partial pressure of oxygen in respiring tissues lower?

A

The haemoglobin has a lower affinity to oxygen as the partial pressure is lower o the oxyhaemoglobin starts to break down and unloads the oxygen more easily

21
Q

What is the oxygen in the tissues used for?

A

Aerobic respiration

22
Q

What is the effect of increased respiration on oxygen dissociation?

A
  • Tissue cells respire quickly, using up the dissolved O2 in the surrounding fluid
    -This reduces the partial pressure to a lower level
    The oxygenated blood arriving with fully saturated haemoglobin will unload more oxygen more easily into the tissue cells
  • The haemoglobin therefore, will have an even lower affinity to oxygen
23
Q

What is the Bohr shift?

A

The sigmoid curve shifts to the right

24
Q

What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on the sigmoid curve?

A

The affinity to oxygen is even lower
The partial pressure to CO2 increases, saturation of haemoglobin decreases
Causing the dissociation curve to shift to the right

25
Q

Why does haemoglobin have a lower affinity to oxygen at high levels of CO2?

A

When CO2 dissolves in the blood, it makes it more acidic
Haemoglobin is a protein, so the change in pH alters the tertiary structure of the haemoglobin
Therefore oxygen can’t bind as easily

26
Q

Heat from respiration helps mammals to maintain a constant body temp
Explain the relationship on the sigmoid curve

A

Smaller mammals have a larger SA:V ratio, therefore more heat lost per unit body mass and a greater rate of respiration
Oxygen required for aerobic respiration
Haemoglobin releases more oxygen

27
Q

What can cause differences in haemoglobin affinities?

A

Genetic differences
Mutations

28
Q

What type of haemoglobin is found in places of high altitude?

A

Haemoglobin has a higher affinity to oxygen
Curve shifted to the left
Becomes fully saturated at lower partial pressure
Similar to the fetus curve

29
Q

What type of haemoglobin curve is found in animals like cheetahs?

A

Haemoglobin has a lower affinity to oxygen
Curve shifts to the right
Oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin more easily
Oxygen more readily available in respiring tissue cells

30
Q

Metabolism definition

A

Rate of cellular reactions

31
Q

The oxygen dissociation curve of a foetus is to the left of the mothers, explain the advantage

A

Higher affinity to oxygen at the same partial pressure
Oxygen moves from the mother to foetus more easily

32
Q

Explain how oxygen is loaded, unloaded and transported in the blood

A
  • Haemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells
  • Loading takes place in the lungs at a high partial pressure
  • Unloading takes place in respiring tissue cells at a low partial pressure
    Unloading linked to carbon dioxide concentration

BIOLOGY (23 decks)

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