13.3 hormonal regulation of the stress response

Question 1

Adrenal glands

Answer 1

• located ontop of the kidneys
• 2 adrenal glands
• contains the inner layer (adrenal medulla) and the outer (adrenal cortex)

Question 2

Adrenal medulla (6)+type of stress

Answer 2

• produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
• regulate short term stress response
• considered a neuroendocrine structure
• prepare body for fight or flight by increasing metabolism
• in response to a stressor, neurons of the sympathetic nervous system carry a signal from the hypothalamus directly to the adrenal medulla. These neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine

These hormones trigger an increase in :

• breathing rate
• heart rate
• BP
• blood flow to the heart and muscles
• conversion of glycogen to glucose In the liver

Question 3

Adrenal cortex+ type of stress

Answer 3

• long term stress
• Gluccorticoid increase blood sugar (cortisol)
• Mineralocorticoid increase blood pressure (aldosterone)

Question 4

Cortisol +the pathway it is released (6)+ type of…

Answer 4

• type of glucocorticoid
• hypothalamus- releasing hormone-anterior pituitary- ACTH-adrenal cortex-cortisol
• raise blood glucose levels
• does this by promoting the breakdown of muscles protein into amino acids. The amino acids are take out of the blood by the liver where they are used to make glucose, which is then released back into the blood
• promotes the breat down of fat celll
• type of anti-inflammatory which is why cortisol make people more suceptible to infections

Question 5

Aldosterone (2)

Answer 5

• The principle mineralocorticoid
• Stimulates the tubules of the kidney to increase the absorption of sodium into the bloodstream. This increases the solute concentration of the blood which then draws in more water from the nephrons raising blood pressure

Question 6

Addison’s disease+ symptoms+BP

Answer 6

• the body secretes inadequate amounts of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
• symptoms include low blood sugar and sodium/potassium imbalances, rapid weight loss and general weakness
• low aldosterone results in a loss of sodium and water form the blood due to increased urine output. BP drop

Question 7

Low blood sugar

Answer 7

hypoglycemia