1.3 PROTOPLASMIC-CYTOPLASMIC ELEMENTS in a Protoplasm Flashcards
Protoplasmic Vacuoles, Plastids, Plasmodesmata, Ergastic compounds/substances
3 components of protoplasmic elements
- endomembrane system
- independently dividing/fusing organelles derived from ES
- semiautonomous organelles
-fluid filled compartments
-encompassed by the tonoplast membrane
-hyperaccumulators and pigmentation
-occupy ~30% of cell volume
vacuoles
cytoplasmic membrane surrounding large vacuoles within plant cells
tonoplast membrane
functions of vacuole hyper accumulators
-sequester toxic compounds
-help general metabolism of plant
vacuoles contain this liquid and it consists of water and solutes
vacuolar sap
what does overaccumulation of pigments in vacuoles help with?
protects against harmful UV rays
what are the multifunctional compartments of a vacuole?
-storage
-digestion
-pH & ionic homeostasis
- defense against microbial pathogens and herbivores
- sequestration of toxic compounds
- pigmentation
in vacuoles, these screen out UV and visible light to prevent photo-oxidative damage
vacuolar pigments
function of vacuoles where they reservoir protons and metabolically important ions
pH & ionic homeostasis
function of vacuoles where they breakdown and recycle nearly all cellular components
digestion
function of vacuoles where they accumulate variety of toxic compounds to reduce herbivore feeding and to destroy microbial pathogens
defense
why are plastids semi-autonomous?
-come from binary fission of other particles
-are double stranded with circular chromosomes and protein synthesis machinery
-can differentiate, dedifferentiate, redifferentiate
what is the fluid filling inner space of protoplasmic elements ?
(protein-rich fluid)
stroma
undifferentiated plastid- feature of meristematic cells with few internal membranes
defined by appearance and location
proplastid
plastid- stores ESSENTIAL OILS to protect plant from animals
contains lots of oil containing plastoglobules
leucoplasts
plastid- stores OIL located in tapetal cells
elaioplasts
plastid- stores STARCH
contain starch granules
serves as statoliths in columella cells
amyloplasts
sedimenting in response to gravity and thereby triggering the (+) gravitropic response
statoliths
pigmented plastid- green
photosynthesis/energy capture
temporary starch storage
chloroplast
tiny compartments found inside chloroplasts
3rd internal system in the stroma
thylakoid
comprise of anther tissue fundamental to pollen grain development
tapetal cells
type of thylakoid- stacked and pressed
granal thylakoid
type of thylakoid- interconnects grana, alone
stromal thylakoid
lipoprotein bodies associated with thylakoid
plastoglobules
pigmented plastid- differentiated in the dark/absence of light
helps in gibberellic acid synthesis
etioplasts
when chloroplasts reverse into etioplasts
degreening
pigmented plastid- red, orange, yellow
contains many carotenoids and xanophyll pigments
chromoplasts
pigmented plastids- formed during senescence/catabolism
-controlled dismantling
-accumulation of massive amounts of plastoglobules
gerontoplasts
cytoplasmic extensions between adjacent cells
- passage of large molecules
-cell to cell communication
plasmodesmata
one interconnected mass of all protoplasm with in a single plant
symplast
storage reserves and wastes
not actively metabolized
taxonomic classification tool
ergastic compounds
ergastic compound- high energy storage and gravity perception
starch grains
ergastic compound- fats, oils, wax
in cuticle/root/cork
lipids
stain of starch grains
IKI stain
purple and/or black
stain of lipids
sudan III or IV
redish stain
ergastic compound- proteinoplasts
granular protein deposits
in the outermost endosperm layer
aleurone grains
ergastic compound- phenol derivatives
deter herbivory and parasite growth
against dehydration
tannins
where are tannins located in the plant?
leaves, epidermis vascular tissues, unripe fruits, seed coats
ergastic compound- storage of waste deposition
more deter herbivory
crystals
2 types of crystals
- calcium oxalate
- calcium carbonate
calcium oxalate crystal- sherical
druse
calcium oxalate crystal- needle bundles
raphide
calcium oxalate crystal- singular and elongated
styloid
calcium oxalate crystal- prism shaped
prismatic