13 Landing Flashcards
The landing distance?
The distance from the point where the airplane is at screen height to the end of the landing roll.
V_REF?
The speed of the aircraft, over the screen height.
The effect of flaps?
Using flaps reduces VREF and the speed at touchdown but increases drag, thus significantly affecting the landing roll distance (LDR).
Screen height for all aircraft?
50ft above the threshold?
What is VMCL?
The minimum control speed for approach and landing. Ensuring VMCL is met is necessary for maintaining control of the airplane during these phases, regardless of engine power.
The minimum CAS at which you can keep control of the aircraft, flying straight with less than 5° bank after failure of the critical engine. 5 to the live.
The aircraft must be able to roll through an 20 degrees away from the inop engine, in not more then 5 seconds
Effects of wind conditions?
Tailwinds increase both the groundspeed at touchdown and the required landing distance, while headwinds decrease them.
Effect of speed increase at screen height?
A 10% increase in speed at screen height results in a 20% increase in the landing distance.
Minimum speeds for Vref?
Class A 1.23 Vsr
Class B 1.3Vs
Also minimum go around speeds.
What effects braking?
Depends on the braking coefficient of friction. Contaminants like water or debris on the runway can decrease braking effectiveness, increasing landing distance.
Effect of mass on landing distance?
Aircraft Mass: Landing distance increases as the mass of the aircraft increases.
Effect of flaps on landing distance?
Flaps: Using flaps reduces both approach and landing speed, thereby shortening the landing distance.
Effec of air density on landing distance?
Air Density: Affects True Air Speed (TAS) for the same Calibrated Air Speed (VREF). Lower air density leads to higher TAS, increasing ground speed and subsequently, the landing distance.
Effect of wind on landing?
Wind Influence: Tailwinds increase the groundspeed at touchdown, requiring a longer distance for landing.
Factors affecting approach and landing climbs?
- Airplane mass.
- Configuration (especially with gear and flaps down increasing drag).
- Altitude.
- Temperature.
- Engine performance, including potential failure.
- Wind direction (headwind or tailwind).
- Aircraft maneuvering such as accelerating or turning during the climb.
Effect of High temperatures and pressure altitude conditions on landing?
Environmental Conditions: High temperatures or high pressure altitude conditions reduce climb performance.
Planning for winds on landing?
Not more then 50% of the heading and 150% of the tailwind.
Slope effect on landing distance?
On detrimental effect is considered. For class A any slope less then 2% can be ignored.
Class A regulation
Landing distance required (Jet) - Dry
LD = LDA x 0.6
Landing distance needs to be multiplied by 1.6.
Must be able to stop within 60% of the LDA.
Class B regulation
Landing distance required (Prop) - Dry
LD = LDA x 0.7
Must be able to stop within 70% of the LDA.
Missed approach
Missed approach?
When the approach is abandonded to any time between 1500ft AGL and nominated decicion height.
Missed approach
Approach climb?
Climb out from a missed approach at approach climb speed.
Missed approach
Conditions for approach climb?
- Critical engine inop
- Remaining engines set to max cont power / thrust
- Flaps at class A - apppropriate approach setting
- Class B flaps up
- Landing gear retracted.
Missed approach
Minimum climb gradients?
2.1% - 2 engines
2.4% - 3 engines
2.7% - 4 engines
Missed approach
Minimum speed for approach climb?
1.2Vs1
Baulked Landing? Conditions?
- Landing flaps set
- Landing gear extended
- Power attainable 8 seconds after movement of the throttles from flight idle to maximum take off power
Achieve a minimum climb gradient of 3.2%
When landing on a wet runway, what additiaonal room is required?
15%.
