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xATPL: PERF > 05 Take-Off General Principles > Flashcards

05 Take-Off General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

TOD?
TOR?
VR?
V_LOF?

A

TOD:Brakes off to screen height.

Screen height 35ft Class A. 50ft for Class B.

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2
Q

Regulated TOM?

A

Lowest of:
* Runway Limited TOM
* Tyre Limited TOM
* Obsticle Limited TOM
* Climb Limited TOM
* Velocity maximum brake energy (VMBE) TOM

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3
Q

What is transition?

A

50% between Vlof and screen height.

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4
Q

Where is V2?

A

For Class A: Screen height 35ft.

For a class B, the minimum speed at 50ft, this is not official, however it is important to consider. Cannot be less then 1.2Vs

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5
Q

Differnece in take off distance for class B?

A

We do not consider V1 and V2, beacuse an engine failure will make take off very difficult. You woudl normally just abort.

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6
Q

Total drag equation?

A

Total Drag = DA + u(W-L)

DA = Aerodynamic Drag
u = Coefficient of Rolling Resistance

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7
Q

What is Aerodynamic drag depend on?

A
  • IAS
  • Configuration
  • Flap setting - For a given flap setting the drag increases by IAS^2.
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8
Q

Variation of Drag with speed during take off?

A

Lift starts being produced, which means, wheel drag decreases and aerodynamic drag increases.

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9
Q

BRP

A

Brake Release Point

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10
Q

V_MCG

A

Vmcg (minimum control speed on the ground)

The minimum CAS during the take-off run at which control can be maintained using the rudder alone, without deviating more than 30 feet laterally from the center line after failure of the critical engine.

This is normally greater then Vmca/Vmcl beacuse the moment arm is smaller.

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11
Q

What are the Vmcg parameters?

A

How is Vmcg is determind:
* Maximum available take-off thrust or power on the operating engine(s)
* The most unfavourable CG position (Aft CG shortest arm).
* The aircraft trimmed for take-off.
* The most unfavourable mass.
* The most critical take-off configuration.

(Gear must be down)

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12
Q

Vmcg and runway conditions?

A

The effect of nose wheel steering is not accounted for in VMCG, beacuse VMCG mst apply to wet / slippery runways.

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13
Q

Where is Vmcg in relation to V1?

A

Vmcg must be less then V1, after which you are committed to flight. You must still be able to control the aircraft past V1.

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14
Q

V_MC

A

Vmca (minimum control speed in the air)

The minimum calibrated airspeed (CAS) at which control of the aircraft can be maintained with less than 5° bank after failure of the critical engine.

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15
Q

V_EF

A

Maximum speed at which an engine failure can occur. 1 second before V1.

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16
Q

V_1

A

Decicion point.

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17
Q

V_R

A

Speed of rotation

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18
Q

V_MU

A

Speed at which you can safely be airborne

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19
Q

V_LOF

A

This is the speed at which an aircraft becomes airborne.

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20
Q

Effect of AC mass on take off distances?

A

Higher Mass = Higher Stall speed = longer distances.

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21
Q

Effect of pressure altitude on take off distances?

A
  • Higher aerodrome pressure the longer then TOD, as air is less dense. This reduces engine mass flow rate, and therefore thrust which results in less acceleration.
  • There is also a higher TAS for the same CAS.
22
Q

Effect of temperature on take off distances?

A

Higher ambient temperature produces lower air density. This reduces the thrust and hence acceleration increasing take off distance.

23
Q

Effect of bleed air of take off distances?

A

Extracting energy from the compressor reduces the thrust of the engine. Thrust reduces.

24
Q

What winds are used to calcualte take off performance? What is the safety factor used.

A
  • 150% of the tailwind component
  • 50% of the headwind component
25
Q

Effect of runway slope on take off distance?

A

Must overcome a component of weight, in addition to drag. This results in slower acceleration and a longer take-off distance.

However stopping distance will increase

26
Q

effect of upslope on the take off distance requirements?

A

We only consider the negative effect.
Increase distance by 5% for a 1 % upslope.

27
Q

Dry runway?

A

Not wet of contaminated. Sometimes runways are designed with grooves to be effectivly dry.

28
Q

Wet Runway?

A

Sufficient water present to make the runway appear reflective.

29
Q

When is classed as a contaminated runway?

A

More then 25% of the surface area covered with
More then 3mm deep by slush, AND/OR loose snow, equivalent to more than 3mm of water ( Water equivalent depth)

30
Q

What drags are associated with contaimination?

A
  • Displacement Drag - The drag resulting from the extra effort required to push the tyres through the contaminated layer.
  • Impingement drag - Caused by the momentum of contaminents which are thrown up onto the landing gear and aeroplane surfaces
31
Q

Effect of flap on take-off?

A

Flap setting is a balance between the extra lift produced and the drag caused. The optimum is the take off flap, reduces TOD by the most.

32
Q

Effect of flap on climb gradient.

A

More flap means a shorter TOR and lower Vr but worse climb gradient.
Less flap means longer ROR and higher Vr but better climb gradent.

33
Q

FLLTOM
CLTOM

A

Field limited take off mass
climb limited take off mass

The less of either is the most limiting.

34
Q

FLTOM?

A

The maximum take=off mass for a particular runway length.

35
Q

CLTOM?

A

It may be nessesary to reduce weight to ensure the AC achives its requied climb gradient.

T = D + Wsin(gamma)

36
Q

Optimum flap setting?

A
37
Q

ASDR?

A

Accelerated stop distance avalaible.
* Considered engine failure at Vef.
* 1 second to realise engine failure
* 2 seconds to start retardation
* stopping distance.

38
Q

Effect of AC mass?

A

A heavy AC takes longer to acclerate and longer to brake to a full stop.

39
Q

Effect of AC Power

A

Overall ASD reduces. faster acceleration, however stop distance stays the same.

40
Q

Effect of AC wind?

A

Headwind reduces ASD.
Tailwind increases ASD.

41
Q

Effect of runway upslope?

A

An upslope prolongs the acceleration to trake-off speed but assists the deceleration during a rejected take-off.

42
Q

Effect of runway downslope?

A

Downslope reduces ASD. AC reaches take off speed quicker. However takes longer to slow down.

43
Q

Effect of anti-skid on ASD?

A

Anti-skid reduces ASD, as breaking is better.

44
Q

What is demonstrated crosswind?

A

Determined by manufacturer.
Depends on rudder authority, yaw of induced from engine failure, state of the runway surface.

This can be found as an operating limit in AFM.

45
Q

Effect of brake temperature?

A

Less able to absorb KE of the AC. Hot brakes mat be so degraded that they fade or fail completely.

46
Q

Effect of reverse thrust?

A

Above 60knts reverse useful, below not useful.

47
Q

Effect of ground spoilers?

A

Pushes the wheels into the ground, making braking more effective.

48
Q

How will a more aft cG position effect the take off distance and climb performance

A

decrease take off distance and improve climb performance.

49
Q

When does brakign start when calcualting ASDR?

A

V1

50
Q

Balanced Field take off?

A

(TODR) with one engine inoperative and the accelerate-stop distance are equal for the aircraft weight, engine thrust, aircraft configuration and runway condition.

51
Q

AEO
OEI

A

All Engines Operating
One Engine Inop

xATPL: PERF (18 decks)

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