12. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Question 1

T/F: Alcohol addiction is only predicted by biological factors

Answer 1

F: Biological and environmental

Question 2

Gene which causes symptoms like Flushing, nausea, rapid heart beat with alcohol consumption, helps protect from developing AUD

Answer 2

ALDH2

Question 3

AUD Heritability rate:

Answer 3

Roughly 50%

Question 4

Studies of animal models demonstrated that rats and other animals will self-administer drugs, reproducing some key features of human addiction. This is evidence for ___

Answer 4

Brain Disorder Model of Addiction (BDMA)

Question 5

Criticisms of Brain Disorder Model of Addiction (BDMA):

Answer 5

1. Many diagnosed with drug dependence in epidemiological surveys ceased drug use in the absence of treatment
2. People addicted to drugs respond to small changes in their personal situation e.g. Small monetary reward
3. Rats will abstain from drugs given the choice of natural rewards (food, pair bonding)

Question 6

3 Types of treatment for alcoholism or drug dependency

Answer 6

1. Motivational interviewing
2. Relapse prevention 1
3. Relapse prevention 2

Question 7

______ Treatment:
Reframing relapses as a learning opportunity
Focus on gains of progress

Answer 7

Relapse prevention 2

Question 8

______ Treatment:
Remove ambivalence
Challenge positive expectancies
Highlight negative consequences

Answer 8

Motivational interviewing

Question 9

_______ Treatment:
Identify high risk situations
Practice coping strategies

Answer 9

Relapse prevention 1

Question 10

NHMRC Guidelines for ‘Safe’ Drinking (Reduce lifetime risk of harm from alcohol-related disease/injury) :

Answer 10

1. No more than 10 standard drinks per week
2. No more than 4 standard drinks on any single occasion. 3. Young people under 18 years advised not to drink at all

Question 11

According to results obtained by Burns et al., about ___% of all university students reported hazardous levels of drinking

Answer 11

39%

Question 12

DF: A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

Answer 12

Alcohol Use Disorder

Question 13

Theory: Behaviour is explained by individual having expecations of particular reinforcing effects concerning the outcome of performing the behaviour (e.g. “I will be the life of the party if I have a few drinks”)

Answer 13

Expectancy Theory of AUD

Question 14

Theory: People drink because it reduces tension. This was observed in studies with cats, and human studies including placebo conditions

Answer 14

Tension-Reduction Theory of AUD

Question 15

Disulfiram, Acamprosate, and Naltrexone, are ___

Answer 15

Pharmacological Interventions for AUD

Question 16

Pharmacological Interventions for AUD work by:

Answer 16

1. Reducing cravings (Acamprosate)
2. Inducing nausea when you drink (Antabuse - Aversive treatment)
3. Reducing the reinforcing effects of alcohol (Naltrexone - Antagonist treatment)

Question 17

The 6 Major Stages of Change:

Answer 17

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
6. Termination

Question 18

4 key Processes of Motivational Interviewing

Answer 18

1. Engaging (Establish working relationship)
2. Focusing (Develop/maintain direction in conversation about change)
3. Evoking (Elicit client’s own motivations for change)
4. Planning (Developing commitment to change and formulating plan of action)

Question 19

4 core communication skills in Motivational Interviewing

Answer 19

1. Asking Open Questions
2. Affirming
3. Reflecting
4. Summarising

Question 20

Biological Treatments for Substance use disorders

Answer 20

1. Agonist substitution e.g. Methadone, nicotine
2. Antagonist Treatments e.g. Naltrexone
3. Aversive Treatments e.g. Antabuse

Question 21

Psychosocial Treatments for Substance use disorders

Answer 21

1. Inpatient facilities
2. Alcoholics Anonymous and variations
3. Controlled use
4. Component treatment e.g. Contingency management, community reinforcement, relapse prevention

Question 22

Heroine and Methadone affect the same neurotransmitter receptors, meaning they are ___

Answer 22

Cross-tolerant