12-self Effecacy

Question 1

Define interaction

Answer 1

The combination of the situational and personality factors that decide the level of achievement motivation

Question 2

Confidence In sport

Answer 2

-Is a ‘Belief in your ability to master a situation’.

According to Vealey, confidence is based on:

1. Personality – your level of competitiveness and achievement motivation
2. Experience – your amount of past success on the task and your belief in your ability to succeed in future.
3. Situation – playing at home or away, for example.

It relies on the interaction of al of the above as the combination of all 3 will affect your confidence

Question 3

Trait vs state confidence

Answer 3

Trait Confidence-
The belief in the ability to do well in a range of sports
State Confidence-
The belief in the ability to master a specific sporting moment

■ Trait confidence – consistent, innate confidence shown in most situations.
■ State confidence – is situation specific, e.g. taking a penalty. Temporary, can vary depending on the interaction of experience and personality.

This is how a performer rates their ability to perform at a particular moment.
-The interaction between these two is important. A naturally confident hockey player who has taken many penalty flicks before will be very confident of scoring from the spot in future games.

Question 4

Veeleys model of self confidence

Answer 4

■ Looks at the influence of State confidence, Trait confidence, the Situation and the Competitive Orientation
■ It was then suggested that state and trait confidence combine to produce confidence in an Objective Sporting Situation.
■ If it is a skill that you have completed successfully in the past both State and Trait confidence will be high but the Objective Sporting Situation takes into account the conditions and the crowd or pressure
■ The performer then evaluates the result of the performance
■ The player then makes a judgement of how well they did, taking into account the Objective sporting situation eg I crossed well today especially with the wind
■ The result from that judgement may lead to improved confidence and a good Competitive orientation
■ This means that the performer is prepared to try hard in most sporting situations and develops characteristics of approach behaviour. This means confidence gained in one area of sport may improve confidence in a different sporting activity
■ The judgement is known as the Subjective Outcome. If this is good then trait confidence and competitive orientation increase but if the subjective outcome is bad then both decrease

Question 5

Defined competitive orientation and objective sporting situation in regards to vealey’s model of self confidence

Answer 5

Competitive Orientation = how much a performer is drawn to challenging situations

Objective Sporting Situation = The performance is a combination of the type of skill and the situation the skill is performed in

Question 6

Confidence – Self-Efficacy theory (Bandura 1977)

Answer 6

Define self efficacy- A belief in the ability to master a sporting situation

-High Self Efficacy increases task persistence and motivation

Question 7

—> development on the previous slide (bandura’s theory)

Answer 7

If all four factors are positive, then a highly satisfactory performance will be informed

According to Bandura, four factors affect confidence in any situation.

1. Performance accomplishments – what you have done before.
2. Vicarious experience – seeing others (models) do it. Most effective if of a similar ability
3. Verbal persuasion – reinforcement and encouragement. Most effective from significant others
4. Emotional arousal – your interpretation of your level of anxiety. Do you experience cognitive or somatic symptoms?

Emotional arousal- a perception of the affects of anxiety on performance

Question 8

How can you improve confidence (performance accomplishments, vicarous experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal)

Answer 8

1. Performance accomplishments-
   *Set realistic/ attainable goals, develop when required
   *Allow success in training (early)
   *Set goals on performance not outcome
   *Point out past successful
   performances
2. vicarious experience-
   * Show accurate demonstrations using attainable role models
3. verbal persuasion-
   * Avoid social comparison
   * Coach one on one
   * Use rewards
   * Give reinforcement and praise
   * Give support and encouragement
   * Attribute success internally- to the athlete
4. Emotional arousal-
   * Stress Management techniques to control Arousal
   * Use mental practice, visualisation or imagery
   * Some factors can fit in other boxes.

Question 9

Home field advantage

Answer 9

■ Can cause different positive and negative responses in both teams
■ The effects of Homefield advantage are bigger if the crowd are close to the pitch, if the crowd is big and more supportive.
■ The more hostile the crowd the more negative the effect is for them

Question 10

Positives and negatives of home field advantage

Answer 10

+ves

• Home crowd support and encouragement
• Familiar environment
• Increased Confidence
• Increased Motivation
• Social Facilitation
• Functional Assertive Behaviour- (more assertion and correct responses) Can lead to more fluent play and more wins
• Home crowd pressures the away team (anxiety)
• ves
• Can ‘choke’- increased pressure raises anxiety and decreases performance (catastrophe theory)

Away team-

• Increased Anxiety
• Less effective play More fouls
• Social Inhibition
• Away team motivated to defend