12. Middle Ages Flashcards
Norman Conquest / Battle of Hastings
- October 14, 1066
- Normans (William the Conqueror) vs. Anglo-Saxons (Harold Godwinson)
- Battle of Hastings over the English crown
William the Conquerer
- Duke of Normandy, that invaded, took over, and united most of England
Why was the battle over Jerusalem so important during the Crusades?
- It was an extremely important holy land for Christians, Muslims (Al Aqsa Mosque, Dome of the Rock), and Jews (Temple of Solomon).
Who were medieval Christian scholars influenced by?
- Greek philosophers
Where are Vikings from?
- Germanic people from Scandinavia
- Wintry wooded area in Northern Europe
What was beginning to happen on the 1300s?
- The Age of Faith still seemed strong, but soon the pope + Church in trouble after pope tries to control King and King refuses
What happened to Jews + Muslims in 1492 Spain?
- The Monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella expelled all practicing Jews + Muslims from Spain
What happened to Jerusalem at the end of the First Crusade?
- Christian knights besieged Jerusalem for 1 month & capture it on July 15, 1099
- 4 feudal Crusader states, each ruled by a European noble.
What event marked the end of the European Middle Ages?
- The end of the Hundred Years War in 1453
What did Magyars do after conquering land?
- Magyars took captives to sell as slaves
What did Charlemagne do? (Military)
- Charlemagne nearly doubled his father’s empire, and spread Christianity thru conquests
What did Charlemagne do for Church (cause+ effect)
- Charlemagne crushed a mob that attacked the pope in Rome, and Pope Leo 3 crowned him Roman emperor in return in 800
What changes did the Hundred Year’s War bring about?
- The War brought a change in the style of warfare in Europe w/ the longbow
Treaty of Verdun effect
- Caused Carolingian kings to lose power + central authority broke down, leading to feudalism
Treaty of Verdun
- The 3 sons fought 4 control of the empire, and signed Treaty of Verdun IN 843, dividing empire into 3 kingdoms
Tithe
- Church tax 1/10 of income
Thomas Aquinas (Who? And what did he combine?)
- A scholar that argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
- Combined Ancient Greek thought with Christian thought of his time (Summa Theologicae)
The rise of university
- Grew from a meeting of a group of scholars, into actual buildings in Paris, Italy, and Oxford.
Simony
- Bishops selling positions in the Church
Secular
- Under Pope Gregory, papacy became secular/ worldly power involved in politics
Scholastics (Who + what did they do?)
- Aquinas and his fellow scholars, that met @ universities + used Aristotle to debate issues
- Influenced thinking + developed democracy
Saladin
- A Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader
- Jerusalem fell to him at the end of the Second Crusade
Romanesque
- Churches built in this style had round arches & a heavy roof w/ thick walls & pillars
Roman vs. Medieval society
- Roman: Loyalty to public government & written law
- Medieval: Family ties & personal loyalty. Lived in small communities governed by unwritten rules & traditions
Role universities played in the revival of learning
- While most ppl wrote in Latin, some poets used vernacular, or the everyday language of their homeland, making it easier for people to read
Role of the Capetian dynasty in France’s political development
- United France
Richard the Lion Hearted
- English King, lead the Crusaders in an attempt to regain Holy land from Saladin.
- They agreed to a truce in 1192
Reconquista ends in
1492
Reconquista
- Long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain.
Reasons why ppl supported the Crusades (4)
- Muslims controlled Palestine (holy land) & threatened Constantinople
- Pope reunite 1054 Schism
- Get rid of quarrelsome knights
- Merchants make $ on loans
Pope Urban 2
- Pope Urban 2 called for the First Crusade in 1095.
Plunder
- Violent + dishonest acquisition of property
- Looting
Pepin the Short cause + effect
- He cooperated w/ pope, & fought the Roman threat Lombards 4 the church
- In return, pope anointed Pepin “King by grace of God.”
Parliament
- Legislative group
- 2 burgesses (rich ppl w/ property) from every borough + 2 knights from every county
Overall effect of invasions
- Shift of loyalty from public gov’t & written law > family ties & personal loyalty
Otto the Great
- Crowned Holy Roman emperor in 962, after he formed close alliance w/ church + invaded Italy for the Church
Monks + nuns
- Gave up private possessions & devoted life to serving God
Monastery role in society
- Monasteries became Europe’s best educated communities
- Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, & copied books
Middle Ages
- Medieval era of European history after the decline of the Roman Empire.
- 500-1500
Major Domo
- Mayor of the palace, ruled the kingdom
Magma Carta/ Great Charter (When + What 3 things did it guarantee?)
- Written June 15, 1215
- Guaranteed certain basic political rights like no tax w/o rep, jury trial, protection of the law
Lord, fief, vassal
- In exchange for military protection + other, a lord/landowner granted land called a fief to a vassal
Leif Ericson reached North America in
1000
Lay investiture
- A ceremony in which kings + nobles appointed church officials
Joan of Arc dates:
Leads the French army @ Orleans
Burned @ the stake
- Joan of Arc leads the French army @ Orleans: May 7, 1429
- Burned @ stake: May 30, 1431
Joan of Arc
- A teenage peasant girl that felt moved by God to rescue France from English conquerors.
- She helped France: Charles 7 gain control of throne again
Invaders during 800-1000
- Vikings from the north
- Magyars from the east
- Muslims from the south
Inquisition
- A court held by the Church to suppress heresy, or a religious belief that differed from the Church
Impact of the plague on society
- Economic (trade declined, prices rose)
- Church became unpopular
- Manorial system crumbled
- Peasant revolts bc nobles won’t pay them more
Impact of the Great Schism on the church’s authority
- The Great Schism greatly weakened the papacy
Hundred Year’s War
- The war England’s Edward 3 launched to claim the French throne
- England vs. France
Hugh Capet
- Duke from France that succeeded last Carolingian family member
- Began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled France
How were works of Greek philosophers passed on to European scholars
- Jewish scholars living in Spain translated Arabic versions of Greek philosopher works (Aristotle) into Latin
Common law
- Law formed by the rulings of England’s royal judges
Holy Roman Empire
- Ruled by Otto the Great, formed close alliance w/ Church, strongest state in Europe
Henry 4 begs for 3 days in the snow in
January 1077
Henry 2
- Becomes King of England in 1154, and married Eleanor of Aquitaine from France
Guild
- An organization of individuals in the same job working to improve the economic + social conditions of its members.
Great Schism
- 2 popes, each declared other the false pope and excommunicated each other.
- Clement 5: French pope that moved the papacy to Avignon, France in 1305.
- Clement 7: Italian pope in Rome
Gothic
- The term Goths comes from a Germanic tribe named the Goths
- Characteristics: Tall, sculptures, woodcarvings, and stained glass windows
- Very spiky
How did England vs. France develop a stronger central gov’t?
- England: Henry 2 sent royal judges to collect taxes, and created juries
- France: Philip 2 established bailiffs: whom presided over king’s courts and collected taxes
Franks were ___, held power in ___, and led by ___.
- Frank’s were GERMANIC PEOPLES, held power in ROMAN PROVINCE OF GAUL, and led by CLOVIS
Feudalism structure
- King
- Powerful vassals- nobles + bishops
- Knights
- Peasants
Feudal system is based on…
- The feudal system is based on rights and obligations
How were Jews + Muslims treated under the Inquisition?
- Many converted to Christianity
- Those suspected of heresy were questioned, tortured, and burned at the stake
Estates- General
- 3 Estates that helped to increase royal power against the nobility
3 Estates:
1. Church leaders
2. Lords
3. Commoners, wealthy landowners and merchants
Effect of constant invasions on the rise of feudalism
- Kings couldn’t defend from invasions > people looked to lords w/armies for security
Dante writes the Divine Comedy in
1308
Crusade
- A holy war to gain control of holy land
Concordat of Worms
- Signed in 1122
- The Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the app’t.
- Resolved fight over lay investiture
Commercial Revolution
- The expansion of trade and business
Clergy
- Bishops and priests
Christianity effect on Clovis (Franks)
- Clovis asked God for help and won battle, converts to Christianity
@496 - Roman Church welcomed him
- Marked start of alliance w/ 2 powerful forces
Children’s Crusade
- 1212, children set out to conquer Jerusalem
Charles Martel wins the Battle of Tours in
732
Charlemagne
- Pepin the Short’s son, op af, absolute savage
Cathedrals
- Viewed as the representation of the City of God.
Carolingian Dynasty
- Family that ruled Franks beginning with Pepin the Short
Canon law
- Church law in matters such as marriage and religious practices
Burghers
- Merchant class town dwellers
Bubonic plague
- Began in Asia, hit Sicily in 1347
- Purplish/ blackish spots on skin
Angles and Saxons (Who and What did they do?)
- Invaders from Europe that landed on English shores
- They brought their own ways and created an Anglo-Saxon culture
Age of Faith (3)
- Monasteries led the spiritual revival.
- Reformers @ Cluny monastery in France est. new religious orders
- Popes reformed the church
3 things medieval life & society rooted in:
- Classical Rome heritage
- Beliefs of Roman Catholic Church
- Customs of various Germanic tribes
3 positive consequences of the Crusades
- Men heeded call to Holy lands, women stayed home and took on more responsibility
- Merchants expanded trade
- Trade w/ West benefited both Christians and Muslims
3 negative consequences of the Crusades
- Lessened power of the pope, and weakened feudal nobility
- People lost their lives + fortunes
- Fall of Constantinople weakened Byzantine empire
- Jews Christians Muslims suffered
2 methods farmers used in later medieval society. What happened during this time?
- Switch from
Oxen -> Horsepower, AND 3 field system: plant on 2, rest on 1 - Warmer climate, expanding civilization
2 goals of Muslim invaders?
- Conquer & settle in Europe
- Plunder
Battle of Tours effect
Stopped expansion of Islamic Empire into Europe
