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History > 12. Middle Ages > Flashcards

12. Middle Ages Flashcards

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1
Q

Norman Conquest / Battle of Hastings

A
  • October 14, 1066
  • Normans (William the Conqueror) vs. Anglo-Saxons (Harold Godwinson)
  • Battle of Hastings over the English crown
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2
Q

William the Conquerer

A
  • Duke of Normandy, that invaded, took over, and united most of England
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3
Q

Why was the battle over Jerusalem so important during the Crusades?

A
  • It was an extremely important holy land for Christians, Muslims (Al Aqsa Mosque, Dome of the Rock), and Jews (Temple of Solomon).
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4
Q

Who were medieval Christian scholars influenced by?

A
  • Greek philosophers
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5
Q

Where are Vikings from?

A
  • Germanic people from Scandinavia

- Wintry wooded area in Northern Europe

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6
Q

What was beginning to happen on the 1300s?

A
  • The Age of Faith still seemed strong, but soon the pope + Church in trouble after pope tries to control King and King refuses
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7
Q

What happened to Jews + Muslims in 1492 Spain?

A
  • The Monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella expelled all practicing Jews + Muslims from Spain
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8
Q

What happened to Jerusalem at the end of the First Crusade?

A
  • Christian knights besieged Jerusalem for 1 month & capture it on July 15, 1099
  • 4 feudal Crusader states, each ruled by a European noble.
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9
Q

What event marked the end of the European Middle Ages?

A
  • The end of the Hundred Years War in 1453
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10
Q

What did Magyars do after conquering land?

A
  • Magyars took captives to sell as slaves
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11
Q

What did Charlemagne do? (Military)

A
  • Charlemagne nearly doubled his father’s empire, and spread Christianity thru conquests
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12
Q

What did Charlemagne do for Church (cause+ effect)

A
  • Charlemagne crushed a mob that attacked the pope in Rome, and Pope Leo 3 crowned him Roman emperor in return in 800
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13
Q

What changes did the Hundred Year’s War bring about?

A
  • The War brought a change in the style of warfare in Europe w/ the longbow
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14
Q

Treaty of Verdun effect

A
  • Caused Carolingian kings to lose power + central authority broke down, leading to feudalism
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15
Q

Treaty of Verdun

A
  • The 3 sons fought 4 control of the empire, and signed Treaty of Verdun IN 843, dividing empire into 3 kingdoms
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16
Q

Tithe

A
  • Church tax 1/10 of income
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17
Q

Thomas Aquinas (Who? And what did he combine?)

A
  • A scholar that argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
  • Combined Ancient Greek thought with Christian thought of his time (Summa Theologicae)
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18
Q

The rise of university

A
  • Grew from a meeting of a group of scholars, into actual buildings in Paris, Italy, and Oxford.
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19
Q

Simony

A
  • Bishops selling positions in the Church
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20
Q

Secular

A
  • Under Pope Gregory, papacy became secular/ worldly power involved in politics
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21
Q

Scholastics (Who + what did they do?)

A
  • Aquinas and his fellow scholars, that met @ universities + used Aristotle to debate issues
  • Influenced thinking + developed democracy
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22
Q

Saladin

A
  • A Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader

- Jerusalem fell to him at the end of the Second Crusade

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23
Q

Romanesque

A
  • Churches built in this style had round arches & a heavy roof w/ thick walls & pillars
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24
Q

Roman vs. Medieval society

A
  • Roman: Loyalty to public government & written law

- Medieval: Family ties & personal loyalty. Lived in small communities governed by unwritten rules & traditions

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25
Q

Role universities played in the revival of learning

A
  • While most ppl wrote in Latin, some poets used vernacular, or the everyday language of their homeland, making it easier for people to read
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26
Q

Role of the Capetian dynasty in France’s political development

A
  • United France
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27
Q

Richard the Lion Hearted

A
  • English King, lead the Crusaders in an attempt to regain Holy land from Saladin.
  • They agreed to a truce in 1192
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28
Q

Reconquista ends in

A

1492

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29
Q

Reconquista

A
  • Long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain.
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30
Q

Reasons why ppl supported the Crusades (4)

A
  1. Muslims controlled Palestine (holy land) & threatened Constantinople
  2. Pope reunite 1054 Schism
  3. Get rid of quarrelsome knights
  4. Merchants make $ on loans
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31
Q

Pope Urban 2

A
  • Pope Urban 2 called for the First Crusade in 1095.
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32
Q

Plunder

A
  • Violent + dishonest acquisition of property

- Looting

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33
Q

Pepin the Short cause + effect

A
  • He cooperated w/ pope, & fought the Roman threat Lombards 4 the church
  • In return, pope anointed Pepin “King by grace of God.”
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34
Q

Parliament

A
  • Legislative group

- 2 burgesses (rich ppl w/ property) from every borough + 2 knights from every county

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35
Q

Overall effect of invasions

A
  • Shift of loyalty from public gov’t & written law > family ties & personal loyalty
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36
Q

Otto the Great

A
  • Crowned Holy Roman emperor in 962, after he formed close alliance w/ church + invaded Italy for the Church
37
Q

Monks + nuns

A
  • Gave up private possessions & devoted life to serving God
38
Q

Monastery role in society

A
  • Monasteries became Europe’s best educated communities

- Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, & copied books

39
Q

Middle Ages

A
  • Medieval era of European history after the decline of the Roman Empire.
  • 500-1500
40
Q

Major Domo

A
  • Mayor of the palace, ruled the kingdom
41
Q

Magma Carta/ Great Charter (When + What 3 things did it guarantee?)

A
  • Written June 15, 1215

- Guaranteed certain basic political rights like no tax w/o rep, jury trial, protection of the law

42
Q

Lord, fief, vassal

A
  • In exchange for military protection + other, a lord/landowner granted land called a fief to a vassal
43
Q

Leif Ericson reached North America in

A

1000

44
Q

Lay investiture

A
  • A ceremony in which kings + nobles appointed church officials
45
Q

Joan of Arc dates:
Leads the French army @ Orleans
Burned @ the stake

A
  • Joan of Arc leads the French army @ Orleans: May 7, 1429

- Burned @ stake: May 30, 1431

46
Q

Joan of Arc

A
  • A teenage peasant girl that felt moved by God to rescue France from English conquerors.
  • She helped France: Charles 7 gain control of throne again
47
Q

Invaders during 800-1000

A
  • Vikings from the north
  • Magyars from the east
  • Muslims from the south
48
Q

Inquisition

A
  • A court held by the Church to suppress heresy, or a religious belief that differed from the Church
49
Q

Impact of the plague on society

A
  • Economic (trade declined, prices rose)
  • Church became unpopular
  • Manorial system crumbled
  • Peasant revolts bc nobles won’t pay them more
50
Q

Impact of the Great Schism on the church’s authority

A
  • The Great Schism greatly weakened the papacy
51
Q

Hundred Year’s War

A
  • The war England’s Edward 3 launched to claim the French throne
  • England vs. France
52
Q

Hugh Capet

A
  • Duke from France that succeeded last Carolingian family member
  • Began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled France
53
Q

How were works of Greek philosophers passed on to European scholars

A
  • Jewish scholars living in Spain translated Arabic versions of Greek philosopher works (Aristotle) into Latin
54
Q

Common law

A
  • Law formed by the rulings of England’s royal judges
55
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A
  • Ruled by Otto the Great, formed close alliance w/ Church, strongest state in Europe
56
Q

Henry 4 begs for 3 days in the snow in

A

January 1077

57
Q

Henry 2

A
  • Becomes King of England in 1154, and married Eleanor of Aquitaine from France
58
Q

Guild

A
  • An organization of individuals in the same job working to improve the economic + social conditions of its members.
59
Q

Great Schism

A
  • 2 popes, each declared other the false pope and excommunicated each other.
  • Clement 5: French pope that moved the papacy to Avignon, France in 1305.
  • Clement 7: Italian pope in Rome
60
Q

Gothic

A
  • The term Goths comes from a Germanic tribe named the Goths
  • Characteristics: Tall, sculptures, woodcarvings, and stained glass windows
  • Very spiky
61
Q

How did England vs. France develop a stronger central gov’t?

A
  • England: Henry 2 sent royal judges to collect taxes, and created juries
  • France: Philip 2 established bailiffs: whom presided over king’s courts and collected taxes
62
Q

Franks were ___, held power in ___, and led by ___.

A
  • Frank’s were GERMANIC PEOPLES, held power in ROMAN PROVINCE OF GAUL, and led by CLOVIS
63
Q

Feudalism structure

A
  1. King
  2. Powerful vassals- nobles + bishops
  3. Knights
  4. Peasants
64
Q

Feudal system is based on…

A
  • The feudal system is based on rights and obligations
65
Q

How were Jews + Muslims treated under the Inquisition?

A
  • Many converted to Christianity

- Those suspected of heresy were questioned, tortured, and burned at the stake

66
Q

Estates- General

A
  • 3 Estates that helped to increase royal power against the nobility
    3 Estates:
    1. Church leaders
    2. Lords
    3. Commoners, wealthy landowners and merchants
67
Q

Effect of constant invasions on the rise of feudalism

A
  • Kings couldn’t defend from invasions > people looked to lords w/armies for security
68
Q

Dante writes the Divine Comedy in

A

1308

69
Q

Crusade

A
  • A holy war to gain control of holy land
70
Q

Concordat of Worms

A
  • Signed in 1122
  • The Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the app’t.
  • Resolved fight over lay investiture
71
Q

Commercial Revolution

A
  • The expansion of trade and business
72
Q

Clergy

A
  • Bishops and priests
73
Q

Christianity effect on Clovis (Franks)

A
  • Clovis asked God for help and won battle, converts to Christianity
    @496
  • Roman Church welcomed him
  • Marked start of alliance w/ 2 powerful forces
74
Q

Children’s Crusade

A
  • 1212, children set out to conquer Jerusalem
75
Q

Charles Martel wins the Battle of Tours in

A

732

76
Q

Charlemagne

A
  • Pepin the Short’s son, op af, absolute savage
77
Q

Cathedrals

A
  • Viewed as the representation of the City of God.
78
Q

Carolingian Dynasty

A
  • Family that ruled Franks beginning with Pepin the Short
79
Q

Canon law

A
  • Church law in matters such as marriage and religious practices
80
Q

Burghers

A
  • Merchant class town dwellers
81
Q

Bubonic plague

A
  • Began in Asia, hit Sicily in 1347

- Purplish/ blackish spots on skin

82
Q

Angles and Saxons (Who and What did they do?)

A
  • Invaders from Europe that landed on English shores

- They brought their own ways and created an Anglo-Saxon culture

83
Q

Age of Faith (3)

A
  • Monasteries led the spiritual revival.
  • Reformers @ Cluny monastery in France est. new religious orders
  • Popes reformed the church
84
Q

3 things medieval life & society rooted in:

A
  1. Classical Rome heritage
  2. Beliefs of Roman Catholic Church
  3. Customs of various Germanic tribes
85
Q

3 positive consequences of the Crusades

A
  • Men heeded call to Holy lands, women stayed home and took on more responsibility
  • Merchants expanded trade
  • Trade w/ West benefited both Christians and Muslims
86
Q

3 negative consequences of the Crusades

A
  • Lessened power of the pope, and weakened feudal nobility
  • People lost their lives + fortunes
  • Fall of Constantinople weakened Byzantine empire
  • Jews Christians Muslims suffered
87
Q

2 methods farmers used in later medieval society. What happened during this time?

A
  • Switch from
    Oxen -> Horsepower, AND 3 field system: plant on 2, rest on 1
  • Warmer climate, expanding civilization
88
Q

2 goals of Muslim invaders?

A
  • Conquer & settle in Europe

- Plunder

89
Q

Battle of Tours effect

A

Stopped expansion of Islamic Empire into Europe

History (16 decks)

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