12課程 Flashcards
He works hard
.Therefore he succeeds.
adv
,thus achieving success
thus/thereby +Ving/Vpp
therefore 副詞！
不可並用的
1. Because…so/therefore… (x)
2.although sv, but sv(x)
3.Ving , s therefore V (x)
though sv, however sv (x)
語意重複 ！
result in導致 （主動）
derives from
be derived from源於（主被動皆可）
originate from
in 國家源於
thanks to earthquake, many people lost their home.
因為
介系詞的to!! advantage(s) to Ving優勢 problem with Ving experiment with oyster用...牡蠣做實驗 solution/key/answer to Ving witness to Ving目擊證人
the disadvantaged are…
弱勢族群。 ！！
adj+N當N背!(用adj修飾）
advantageous [geographical location]
看醫生
go to visit/see a doctor
have a doctor visit
hospital
have a dental appointmentvomit嘔吐
throw up
throw out (x)5(()
compete
against 對抗each other
for the first dance with the school belle.
校花
compete in
enter into參加（運動比賽）
take part in
participate in
be involved in參加
參加compete in
be involved in 被動！
compete in
enter into參加（運動比賽）
take part in
participate in
be involved in參加
competent
adj有能力的
competent teacher
capable
competitive相競爭的 society
competitiveness競爭力
competition比賽contest
主被動皆同義的用法
I decide to leave決定
I am decided to leave
I face danger with calm
=encounter
=confront
I am faced with danger with calm
=. encountered with
confronted with
!when I face danger, I keep calm.
A. when facing with danger,
B. when faced with danger,
C. when facing danger,
I keep calm
ans: BC
critics say police often react poorly
when they face a crisis
they are faced with a crisis
facing a crisis
faced with a crisis
資金縮減cutoff
解僱layoff
metaphor 暗喻
simile明喻
isolated area被隔離的
barren
desolate. （一個人）
荒島/離島
inundation水災 deluge flood damage(s)
和…不同
is distinguished with/from sth…
is different from
相同
be synonymous with
identical.
不足
sth fall to inadequate levels
sth is not enough
lack sth 缺乏vt
be lack of
though
adv(口語）/conj
although雖然
conj
even if 即使conj
even though
in spite (that)口語S V in spite of the fact thatS V
肯定時相等=雖然（即使）…他仍…
否定時不相等
雖然他…我依然不會…（他有錢）
即使他…我依然不會…（他沒錢）
prep儘管(無關）
S V despite N
in spite of N
irrespective of regardless of
關於
concerning
concerned with
about
as to
as for
about
regarding
with respect/regard to
in. respect/regard to
雖然/即使conj/prep!
Notwithstanding
with all
for all
- s v
- N
雖然/即使conj/prep!
Notwithstanding
with all his poverty
for all he is in poverty
要自己猜連接詞(兩個句子）
Be he poor, he is happy
although he is poor, he is happy
Be it raining, I will not go to school.
Because it is raining, S V
Be it raining, I will go to school
=Although it is raining, SV
Be it so humble, there is no place like home.
although it is so humble,
雖然簡陋
Be they students or teachers, they have to be enrolled in the swimming class
=whether they are students or teachers,
無論….
重點在or!!
cannot manage to get down with a smile
笑不出來
（當拿蟲給吃…
Although he is poor,
Poor as he is ,..
conj S V
形容詞 副詞子句=必倒裝(SV不動）形容詞前移
照理應副詞修飾副詞子句
此用形容詞
故倒裝
Although she is a girl, she is brave
名詞前移 必省去冠詞
Girl as she is,she is brave
though
as雖然（倒裝句語意）
my parents,_____,spare no expense
A. they being illiterate(文盲）
B. illiterate though they are
ans:B
(有連接詞句意清晰）
spare no expense to Vrt
effort
try my best to Vt盡全力
in peril危險
hazard
jeopardy
danger
in dilemma進退兩難
in predicament
at risk困境中
in adversity逆境中
in poverty貧窮
mental outlook
there was very little in common between the mental outlook of
the Chinese and that of the Egyptians and Babylonians
憧憬
insist on Ving
persist in Ving
堅持
flagship large sedan旗艦大轎車
stay up Ving/to V
sit up
burn the midnight oil熬夜
颶風 tornado cyclone hurricane tempest
hemispherectomy半腦切除
aphasia失語症
oppose Ving（主動不加to）
be opposed to Ving
object to Ving(無被動）
opponent反對者
oppose Ving（主動不加to）
be opposed to Ving
object to Ving(無被動）
opponent反對者
only if we work hard can we succeed(只有，倒裝）
if only we work hard we can succeed(只有，不倒裝）
emulate mimic imitate simulate facsimile 模仿
virtue美德
by virtue of
dint
means
way藉著
豬肉乾
ban porkjelly
be surrounded in
be shrouded in smog
被包圍
I am no alien. to agony
stranger
從小吃盡苦頭
alien外國人/外星人
alienation疏離感
alibi不在場證明
改變
alter. ..into
convert. ..into
defect. n blemish n/v flaw n drawback setback (挫敗） shortcoming缺點
be native to
indigenous to..土生土長於…
Native to Taiwan ,I am bilingual in
Mandarin Chinese台語
language impediment口吃
language barrier語言障礙
遵守法律the laws/rules/regulations
(與聽錯勸告動詞相似，但不可用take)
聽從勸告+advice. (un) follow obey take abide by comply with be in compliance with be compliant with
conform to
stick to
adhere to
cling to
raid
n攻擊
air raid空襲
死刑death penalty
death sentence
extreme sentence
capital punishment
宣判死刑 \_\_\_\_\_ his death sentence A. claim B. read ans: B sentence him to death
宣判五年徒刑
sentence him to 5 years in jail/prison
imprisonment
終身監禁
to life imprisonment
宣判死刑 \_\_\_\_\_ his death sentence A. claim B. read ans: B sentence him to death
廢除死刑 \_\_\_\_ the death sentence A. abandon B. abolish ans:B
though…., the public is polarized over the issue
群眾（單數）
公眾對..意見兩極
可食的edible
eatable
edacious喜吃的（饕餮的）
\_\_\_ to music, she is second to none in... 在...第一 A. exposure B. exposed. ans:B
二手車a used car
二手菸second-hand
passive smoke
tend to傾向Vrt
be inclined to
have inclination to
tendency
be prone toministry神職人員
despite his inclination to be a farmer, his schooling prepared him for a career in the ministry
problem with
experiment with
只能用with!!!!!的名詞
seek for/after truth
seek truth
prefer N to N
prefer to V (rather) than Vrt
advantage to
disadvantage to
the disadvantaged弱勢族群
lead to ving導致
result in
lead O to V 帶領O…
lure
allure誘導
SV conj SV如果 provided (that) providing (that) granting granted on condition (that) if
玉蜀黍maize
corn
SV conj SV如果 provided (that) providing (that) granting(that) granted (that) on condition (that) if in case ((that)
sv 介+n
in case of N
in the event of N
13個副詞子句 用現代未
11時when
while
as
as soon as
by the time the moment the instant the second the minute the time
before after until since once
2個（條件）
if
unless
副詞子句 現代未 =>條件句
例外although
Although it ___ tomorrow, I will go to the school as usual.
A. will rain
B. rains
ans: A
Jane will make her connecting flight if there ___ long lines at customs.
A. aren’t
B. will not be
ans: A
副詞子句 現代未 =>條件句
時態往前移 與事實相反=>假設語氣
do you have money?
have you money? (英式）
lie lay lain
vi
lie on the bed
lay laid laid
vt
lay me on the bed
i am broke(破產的）
［條件］
If I studied hard last year, I would pass.
［假設］
過去式～過完
If I had studied hard last year, I would have passed.
現在式～過去式
had he studied hard,
he would have succeeded.
過反
假設句+but S Vpt
（遇到but 後 還原時態）
he would have succeeded
but he didn’t
If we had had their assistance,
we would have succeeded.
We would have succeeded, \_\_\_\_ their assistance. A. had we had B. if we had ans: A B
pompous
adj傲慢的
與未來反
If the sun were to rise in the west,
We’re the sun to rise in the west,
I would lend you money.
萬一
If it should rain,
Should it rain, I would not go.
假設
If S were to…, S would V
If S Ved , S would V
不規則複數 單數sis/複數ses parenthesis/parentheses 括號 crisis/crises危機 oasis/oases綠洲 hypothesis/hypotheses假設 analysis/analyses分析
單數us/複數i
alumnus/alumni校友
focus/foci焦點
fungus/fungi
gai(ㄐ）
cactus/cacti仙人掌單數a/複數ae
vertebra/vertebrae脊椎骨
larva/larvae幼蟲
formula/formulae公式
單數um,on/複數a datum/data資料 erratum/errata勘誤表 memorandum/memoranda備忘錄 phenomenon/phenomena現象 millennium/millennia千禧年
條件：
If I have money, I will buy…
If it rains tomorrow, Iwill…
假設（與現反）
If I had money, I would buy…
假設（與過反）
If I had money, I would have bought…
but 之後 還原事實 I should have helped him, 與過反 but I didn't （過去沒有） but=only that unfortunately
If they had listened to me, they ___ in such a crisis now.
A. would not be (與現反）
B. would not have been (與過反）
ANS: A (有now限制指與現反）
I would have gone to...
had it been at all possible,
(一點點）
but. I..
only that I \_\_\_\_\_ occupied the whole of last week.
A. was
B. were
ans: A (but!!!!)
superseded
刪除的
you will find your effort superseded(白費的）
從語意判斷 與_反
I wish
I met him now現在
I could meet my father tomorrow未來
I had met him yesterday過去
*I wish
O that I were a bird, so that I could fly
Would that
If only
Much to ___ disappointment,
A. my
B. the
ans: A
surprise
astonishment
a fall in pit
a gain in wit不經一事 不長一智
副詞子句 現代未 =>條件句
例外although
Although it ___ tomorrow, I will go to the school as usual.
A. will rain
B. rains
ans: A
Jane will make her connecting flight if there ___ long lines at customs.
A. aren’t
B. will not be
ans: A
副詞子句 現代未 =>條件句
時態往前移 與事實相反=>假設語氣
do you have money?
have you money? (英式）
lie lay lain
vi
lie on the bed
lay laid laid
vt
lay me on the bed
i am broke(破產的）
［條件］
If I studied hard last year, I would pass.
［假設］
過去式～過完
If I had studied hard last year, I would have passed.
現在式～過去式
had he studied hard,
he would have succeeded.
過反
假設句+but S Vpt
（遇到but 後 還原時態）
he would have succeeded
but he didn’t
If we had had their assistance,
we would have succeeded.
We would have succeeded, \_\_\_\_ their assistance. A. had we had B. if we had ans: A B
動詞起變化的假設句 S wish (that) S were/Vpt 與現反 S had Vpp 與過反 S would/could/should/might Vrt與未來反
S V as if
as though
It is about time (that)
high
寧願
S would rather (that)
had better
If
S were/Vpt 與現反,S s.w.c.m Vrt
S had Vpp 與過反,S s.w.c.m have Vpp
S would/could/should/might Vrt與未來反
were to與未來反 , S s.w.c.m Vrt
O that
I wish
Would that I were a bird
,so that I S s.w.c.m Vrt( fly.)
O that
I wish
Would that I were a bird
,so that I could fly.
frugal
economical
thrifty 節儉的
寧願
S would rather (that)
had better
I would rather die without you寧願
I had better leave最好
Some people cling to their possessions as if they____.
A. were sure that they would never die
B. were certain they were not to die
C. almost would never die
Ans: A
B後半句型錯
C語意錯
要命堅建 S Suggest (that) O (should) Vrt Order require/request recommend insist demand maintain
suggest that s should Vrt
suggest his leaving
I suggest to him to leave early
suggest that s should Vrt
suggest his leaving
i suggest ____ her to come back tomorrow
A.asking
B. to ask
ans: A
I suggest ____ early
A.him to leave
B. to him to leave
ans: B
the doctor suggested
A. to him to use the medicine
B. that he use the medicine
Ans: A.B
recalcitrant
adj頑皮的
stipulate regulation
制定規定
correspondence
letter信件
It is important (that) S (should) Vrt imperative crucial essential necessary a pity
It is necessary (that) he go/not go
of importance
假設語氣整理
［動詞起變化］
If
wish
as if.
as though
it is time
would rather
had better
［(should) Vrt] S+ suggest (that) S (should) order recommend require/request insist demand maintain urge
it is important (that) S (should) imperative essential crucial necessary a pity
［(should) Vrt] S+ suggest (that) S (should) order recommend require/request insist demand maintain urge
it is important (that) S (should) imperative essential crucial necessary a pity
If it had not been ___ your help,
Had it not been for your help,
I would have failed.(與過反）
介+N 的假設語
But for your help,I would have failed.(與過反）
without your
碰到but 還原時態
But (that) you helped me,I would have failed.
(x)had helped
But 過去式,與過反
if過去完成式,與過反
But for your help, I would fail.(與現反）
without
But (that) you help me,I would fail.(與現反）
若非你現在的幫忙，我現在就輸了
if it were not for your help,
But 過去式,與過反
if過去完成式,與過反
S is 90% , in comparison with 8% in Vietnam
,compared to/with
compared to 比喻
compared with比較
比較級
He runs faster than I run/do
do I
S V 介+N like as in contrast to in comparison to/with +N
S V 分
compared to/with
像
As(前後主詞同）
like (前後不相等）
As human beings, we should…
Like human beings, chimpanzees ….
In those days, people did not travel on highway
as we do now.
不一定有兩個as
(除非前面有adj/adv)
very +原級
much +比較級
far
a lot
the very 最高級
much the
be used to Vrt
被用來….
A is to B______ C is to D.
A. as
B. what
ans: B. (船之於..如同 什麼之於…）
As A is to B
so C is to D
C is so to D
so is C to D
As lungs are to humans
so leaves are to trees
so are leaves to trees
leaves are so to trees
治絲益棼his desire for it is in terms of chaos
peasant農夫
（豆子 人）
impoverished
indigent
destitute
poor貧窮的
indigenous 原住民的
indigent貧窮的
more雙音節
most
less
least
例外 happy ~happier bulky~bulkier pretty ~prettier easy~easier
slender~slenderer瘦小的
clever~cleverer聰明的
more +adj字尾/分詞字尾
most
adj字尾：ful. less. our. ing. ive did. ed
The grain of rye is longer and ____ than that of oats.
A. slender
B. slenderer
ans: B!!!!
麥田捕手
Catcher in the Rye
The bridge is 2 times ____ that one.
A. as long as
B. longer than
ans:A較好（以原級為主）
He is ____ than Mary.
He is _____ than brace.
A. more wise
B. wiser
ans: B / A
有跟別人比：正常比較級
沒有跟別人比（自己的特質相比）：一律more …than…
最高級+ to Vrt
Hard work is the easiest way to acquire what we need.
Many chemicals react
A. more quickly
B. quicklier
in acid solution.
ans:A
比較級！
The weather here is more humid than ____ in my hometown.
it is
than前後 氣候=/=故鄉
所以要加it is
the taste organs of butterfly are
more sensitive than
are our tongues.(動詞前移表強調）
our tongues are.
最高級the ~est of all among Npl in 地方 that S have ever Vpp
最高級
1.adj的最高級前加the
the + fastest ship
2.adv的最高級 前可不加the This ship travels \_\_\_\_\_\_. a. the fastest b. fastest ans: A!!!先選the 沒省略的
3.後位修飾（最高級直接接在N後） the girl (the) most diligent in my class is Mary.
Global warming is (the) most threatening.
4.所有格+最高級 The Yang-tze river is A. the longest river in China. B. China's longest river. ans:B
一律加the 準沒錯
the income tax is the ____ largest source of revenue.
A. government’s
B. governmental
ans: A(所有格+最高級
複合字的比較級
up-to-date
more up-to-date時尚的
well-to-do
more well-to-do富裕的
例外：
well-known
better-known
best-known聞名的
well-being健康（狀態）
farther距離遠
further程度遠
later時間晚
latter後者
prepare for N
prepare 3 meals
3餐前不加for
prepare food
Nobel prize are the
A. world’s most prestigious honors
B. prestige with the most honor in the world
ans:A
the most 後不加N
He works the most diligently. adv
He is the most diligent. adj
most boy
adj
most of the boys are
S. (有of 必加the)
most of the money is(S以後者為主）
my
most _____ books are…
A. of Hemingway’s
B. Hemingway’s
ans: A
度量衡 +adj(原級）
比較級（x)
3 inches in length
long
不定代名詞most N most of N (有of ---+the) some any
each
every
many
much
most
both neither either none all
most her books. (x)
most of her books (o)
不定代N + of the(所有格） N
many
much
most
both neither either none all
不定代名詞most
some
any
each
every
she dances as beautifully as
A. a butterfly dances/does
B. does a butterfly
ANS: A B
He works as(副） diligently as(連） I do.
much
far
a lot +比較級
very +原級
the very
much the +最高級（best)
句型］ A is to B\_\_\_\_\_ C is to D A.so B. what 駱駝之於...如同船 之於...
[比較級 延伸 句型］
The 比 SV, the 比 S V.
(conj+ SV)
=the 比+S (V),the 比+S (V)
=the 比+(S V),the 比+(S V)~口語
- V是:beV/連綴=》比較級：adj
- V是：一般動詞～》比較級：adv
The more I am aware of the truth,
the more I am likely to succeed.
=The more aware I am of the truth,
adv. (prep不前移！)
the more likely I am to succeed. (v)
- the longer you walk,
(adv) 因為walkthe more tired you will become.
adj
- the more advanced a country (is),
the lower the death rate (is).
the more the amount of paper ____.
A. is used
B. used
ans:B(前面is省略 後面也要省）
隨時可省beV!
3個動詞 要兩個conj
the 比 S V, and
the 比 S V, the 比 S V
conj
reverence 尊重n
the 比 S V, the 比 S2 V2
-倒裝
S2 V2比(,) the 比 S V
如果。conj
the farther a body leaves the earth , the less the body weighs.
=the body weighs less, the farther it leaves the earth
如果
I eat more,
the deeper the night becomes.
如果
夜 越深吃越多
倒裝
S2 V2比(,) the 比 S V
如果。conj
［關代］
people who have esteem
having esteem
with esteem
act...people who have esteem
having esteem
with esteem
act…
an abject manner
謙虛的態度
feel dejected
沮喪
eject disc
退出光盤
inject注入
object to ving反對
be projected to Vrt人擁有憧憬/計劃
reject ~~to Vrt拒絕
refuse=repudiate =turn down=decline to Vrt
subject adj易受改變的 be subject to Ving prices are subject to change 會改變的
subjected
受限制
object to ving反對
be opposed to (x)!!永遠主動
oppose ving. (不加to!!)主被動皆可
be opposed to ving
subject
adj易受改變的
subjected
受限制
be subject to Ving
prices are subject to change
會改變的。 N
reject ~~to Vrt
refuse=repudiate =
turn down=decline to Vrt
make hay before sunshine
打鐵趁熱
（在太陽出來前把草曬乾）
hay. 乾草un
moisture
humidity 濕氣n
moist
humid潮濕的
spoilage腐敗n
spoil。v
leakage 漏水 n
leak. v
spoilage腐敗n
spoil。v
leakage 漏水 n
leak. v
Tartar chief controls 500 people,
all of _____ obey his order at war and peace.
A. who
B. whom
ans:B
all [of + whom]
s. prep+ O
必打逗號關代
1. 受格關代 前有主詞
Tartar chief controls 500 people, all of whom obey his order at war and peace.
2.專有N後
Rico, which is an island
3. 表僅有（全部）
4. 指 前面整句He live in Keelung, A. where has beautiful scenery B. in which has... C. where there is beautiful scenery D. in which there is beautiful scenery E. which has beautiful scenery
ans: CDE
- 關副不當主詞
- 補主詞there
be concerned about/abut/for
與…有關
擔心
關心
be concerned about/abut/for
與…有關
擔心
關心
be connected with 與…有關
have connection with
be associated with 與…有關
be related to與…有關
be relevant to
in relation to
have relation with[例外.詞類變化卻變介詞］
be connected with 與…有關
have connection with
be associated with 與…有關
be related to與…有關
be relevant to
have relation with[例外.詞類變化卻變介詞］
be involved in
- 專心於…（用被動！）
- 參加。 （用被動！）
- 與…有關（用被動！）
involve 包含(主被動區分）
the crime involves 5 criminals
=5 criminals are involved in the crime
the crime ____ 5 criminals is solved.
involving
5 criminals ____ the case are arrested.
involved in
be concerned about/abut/for
與…有關
concerning sth. (不正式）
regarding關於 as to as for with respect to with regard to N
be related to與…有關
be relevant to
in relation to
have relation with[例外.詞類變化卻變介詞］
be connected with 與…有關
have connection with
be associated with 與…有關
be concerned about/abut/for
與…有關
擔心
關心
be concerned about/abut/for
與…有關
concerning sth. (不正式）
regarding關於 as to as for with respect to with regard to N
be faced with
be confronted with
Facing sth
Faced with sth, S V
面對
face
encounter sth
齊頭並進
keep pace/up with
catch up with
keep abreast ____(of!!)
be based on
be rooted in
be on the \_\_ of
a. base
b. basis
ans: bbe full of
be filled with
abundant in
rich in
teeming with
gracie with
充滿irrelevant reference
題外話（不相干的話）
pluma鴿子
plumage羽毛
a collection of plN
he takes to drinking
take to N喜歡
proponents suggest otherwise.
支持者提出別的想法
otherwise n別的想法
warlike hostile belligerent bellicose militant antagonistic 好戰的
belligerent
bellicose
hostile
placebo
安慰劑 （可數）
wait for sb
await sb
I have been awaiting you
i have been waiting for you
this is the only thing that i can do
唯一能做的事
it is the last thing that I will do
絕不做的事
you can believe all that he tells you
只能用that
everything that…
any meat that ….
horticulture horti-garden
園藝學
horti
garden
dispensary
藥局
teller machine
提款機
分數 不能當主詞
one-third of my money is..
my books are…
two-thirds of
half of
the rest of his stories are false
one in three workers is …
